Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2013 May;39(3):717-30. doi: 10.1037/a0029668. Epub 2012 Aug 20.
We report on the 1st experimental elicitation of nonbelieved memories for childhood events in adults (Study 1) and children (Study 2) using a modified false memory implantation paradigm. Participants received true (trip to a theme park) and false (hot air balloon ride) narratives and recalled these events during 2 interviews. After debriefing, 13% of adults and 15% of children reported nonbelieved memories. While phenomenal ratings were higher for true than for nonbelieved memories immediately after the debriefing, after a month nonbelieved memories behaved as true memories. Also following debriefing, 23% of adults and 15% of children retracted their false memory claims. Prior to debriefing, participants with nonbelieved memories were most likely to indicate remembering the event, whereas participants with false memories who retracted their claim were most likely to endorse believing but not remembering the event. This research suggests that debriefings in previous false memory studies can lead to the development of nonbelieved memories. Additional findings regarding the correspondence between subjective belief, subjective memory, and objective memory judgments prior to and following debriefing are discussed.
我们报告了使用修改后的虚假记忆植入范式在成年人（研究 1）和儿童（研究 2）中首次诱发对儿童事件的非真实记忆。参与者接受了真实（主题公园之旅）和虚假（热气球飞行）的叙述，并在 2 次访谈中回忆这些事件。在汇报后，13%的成年人和 15%的儿童报告了非真实记忆。虽然在汇报后，真实记忆的现象学评分立即高于非真实记忆，但一个月后，非真实记忆的表现与真实记忆相同。此外，汇报后，23%的成年人和 15%的儿童撤回了他们的虚假记忆声明。在汇报之前，有非真实记忆的参与者最有可能表示记得事件，而撤回虚假记忆声明的参与者最有可能表示相信但不记得事件。这项研究表明，之前虚假记忆研究中的汇报可能会导致非真实记忆的产生。还讨论了汇报前后关于主观信念、主观记忆和客观记忆判断之间的一致性的其他发现。
