Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012 Nov;78(21):7769-75. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02144-12. Epub 2012 Aug 31.
Environmental surfaces contaminated with pathogens can be sources of indirect transmission, and cleaning and disinfection are common interventions focused on reducing contamination levels. We determined the efficacy of cleaning and disinfection procedures for reducing contamination by noroviruses, rotavirus, poliovirus, parechovirus, adenovirus, influenza virus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella enterica from artificially contaminated stainless steel surfaces. After a single wipe with water, liquid soap, or 250-ppm free chlorine solution, the numbers of infective viruses and bacteria were reduced by 1 log(10) for poliovirus and close to 4 log(10) for influenza virus. There was no significant difference in residual contamination levels after wiping with water, liquid soap, or 250-ppm chlorine solution. When a single wipe with liquid soap was followed by a second wipe using 250- or 1,000-ppm chlorine, an extra 1- to 3-log(10) reduction was achieved, and except for rotavirus and norovirus genogroup I, no significant additional effect of 1,000 ppm compared to 250 ppm was found. A reduced correlation between reduction in PCR units (PCRU) and reduction in infectious particles suggests that at least part of the reduction achieved in the second step is due to inactivation instead of removal alone. We used data on infectious doses and transfer efficiencies to estimate a target level to which the residual contamination should be reduced and found that a single wipe with liquid soap followed by a wipe with 250-ppm free chlorine solution was sufficient to reduce the residual contamination to below the target level for most of the pathogens tested.
受病原体污染的环境表面可能成为间接传播的源头，清洁和消毒是减少污染水平的常用干预措施。我们旨在确定清洁和消毒程序对于减少人工污染不锈钢表面的诺如病毒、轮状病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒、肠道病毒、腺病毒、流感病毒、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌的效果。经过单次擦拭水、液体肥皂或 250ppm 游离氯溶液后，脊髓灰质炎病毒和流感病毒的感染性病毒和细菌数量减少了 1 个对数（10），接近 4 个对数（10）。用水、液体肥皂或 250ppm 氯溶液擦拭后，残留污染水平没有显著差异。当用液体肥皂进行单次擦拭后，再用 250ppm 或 1000ppm 氯进行第二次擦拭，可额外减少 1-3 个对数（10），并且除轮状病毒和诺如病毒 I 型外，与 250ppm 相比，1000ppm 没有明显的额外效果。PCR 单位（PCRU）减少与感染性颗粒减少之间的相关性降低表明，第二步中达到的减少至少部分是由于失活而不仅仅是去除。我们使用感染剂量和转移效率的数据来估计残留污染应减少到的目标水平，发现用液体肥皂进行单次擦拭，然后用 250ppm 游离氯溶液擦拭，足以将残留污染减少到大多数测试病原体的目标水平以下。
