Barrantes R, Smouse P E, Mohrenweiser H W, Gershowitz H, Azofeifa J, Arias T D, Neel J V
Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud (INISA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose.
Am J Hum Genet. 1990 Jan;46(1):63-84.
There is evidence that Amerindians have continuously occupied the lower Central American Isthmus for as long as 10,000 years. There remains some doubt about the relationships of these original colonizers to the resident peoples of this zone at the time of European contact (approximately A.D. 1500). We present new genetic data for up to 48 genetic loci for 570 members of six Chibcha-speaking tribes of lower Central America--the Boruca, Bribri, Cabecar, and Guatuso of Costa Rica and the Kuna and Teribe of Panama--and delineate the genetic affinities among the various groups (these six tribes and the Guaymi and Bokota) of lower Central America. We convert standard genetic distance metrics into a form that is linear with the effective time since divergence, and we compare the genetic distances with linguistic distances for the same groups (r = .74, P less than .001). Geographic affinity accounts for some of the genetic divergence among groups (r = .49, P less than .084) and for some of the linguistic divergence (r = .53, P less than .037), but the correspondence between geographic position and taxonomic affinity is not high. We combine all of the genetic and linguistic data to construct a synthetic overview taxonomy of the lower Central American Chibcha. Both the genetic and linguistic data exhibit hierarchical organization of tribal groups, showing a general east-to-west pattern of grouping, with greater affinities between close neighbors. The presence of private genetic variants of some antiquity within the region and their absence outside the zone, coupled with the essential absence of the DI*A polymorphism of mongoloid origin that is widespread outside the zone, argue for a relatively isolated development of the Central American Chibcha. Our results do not support the old view of lower Central America as a frontier between more advanced cultures to the north and south. Any such explanation would require recent waves of migration from outside the region, migration that is not compatible with either the genetic or linguistic data or with the archaeological history of the region.
有证据表明，美洲印第安人已经持续占据中美洲地峡下游长达10000年之久。关于这些最初的殖民者与欧洲人接触时期（大约公元1500年）该地区的原住民之间的关系，仍然存在一些疑问。我们提供了中美洲地峡下游六个讲奇布查语部落——哥斯达黎加的博鲁卡、布里布里、卡韦卡尔和瓜托索部落以及巴拿马的库纳和特里韦部落——的570名成员多达48个基因位点的新遗传数据，并描绘了中美洲地峡下游不同群体（这六个部落以及瓜伊米和博科塔部落）之间的遗传亲缘关系。我们将标准遗传距离度量转换为一种与分化后的有效时间呈线性关系的形式，并将这些遗传距离与相同群体的语言距离进行比较（r = 0.74，P小于0.001）。地理亲缘关系解释了群体间部分遗传差异（r = 0.49，P小于0.084）和部分语言差异（r = 0.53，P小于0.037），但地理位置与分类学亲缘关系之间的对应度并不高。我们结合所有遗传和语言数据，构建了中美洲地峡下游奇布查语群体的综合概述分类法。遗传和语言数据均显示出部落群体的层级组织，呈现出大致从东到西的分组模式，相邻群体之间的亲缘关系更为密切。该地区存在一些古老的私有遗传变异，而区域外则没有，再加上该区域外广泛存在的蒙古人种起源的DI*A多态性在该区域基本不存在，这表明中美洲奇布查语群体相对孤立地发展。我们的研究结果不支持将中美洲地峡下游视为南北更先进文化之间前沿地带的旧观点。任何这样的解释都需要近期有来自该区域外的移民潮，而这种移民与遗传或语言数据以及该地区的考古历史均不相符。
