Lewis David M G, Conroy-Beam Daniel, Al-Shawaf Laith, Raja Annia, DeKay Todd, Buss David M
Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
Evol Psychol. 2011 Dec 8;9(4):543-63. doi: 10.1177/147470491100900407.
During human evolution, men and women faced distinct adaptive problems, including pregnancy, hunting, childcare, and warfare. Due to these sex-linked adaptive problems, natural selection would have favored psychological mechanisms that oriented men and women toward forming friendships with individuals possessing characteristics valuable for solving these problems. The current study explored sex-differentiated friend preferences and the psychological design features of same- and opposite-sex friendship in two tasks. In Task 1, participants (N = 121) categorized their same-sex friends (SSFs) and opposite-sex friends (OSFs) according to the functions these friends serve in their lives. In Task 2, participants designed their ideal SSFs and OSFs using limited budgets that forced them to make trade-offs between the characteristics they desire in their friends. In Task 1, men, more than women, reported maintaining SSFs for functions related to athleticism and status enhancement and OSFs for mating opportunities. In Task 2, both sexes prioritized agreeableness and dependability in their ideal SSFs, but men prioritized physical attractiveness in their OSFs, whereas women prioritized economic resources and physical prowess. These findings suggest that friend preferences may have evolved to solve ancestrally sex-linked adaptive problems, and that opposite-sex friendship may directly or indirectly serve mating functions.
在人类进化过程中，男性和女性面临着不同的适应性问题，包括怀孕、狩猎、育儿和战争。由于这些与性别相关的适应性问题，自然选择会青睐那些使男性和女性倾向于与具有解决这些问题的宝贵特质的个体建立友谊的心理机制。本研究在两项任务中探讨了性别差异的朋友偏好以及同性和异性友谊的心理设计特征。在任务1中，参与者（N = 121）根据朋友在其生活中所起的作用对他们的同性朋友（SSF）和异性朋友（OSF）进行分类。在任务2中，参与者使用有限的预算设计他们理想的同性朋友和异性朋友，这迫使他们在对朋友的期望特征之间进行权衡。在任务1中，男性比女性更多地报告说，为了与运动能力和地位提升相关的功能而维持同性朋友关系，为了交配机会而维持异性朋友关系。在任务2中，两性在理想的同性朋友中都优先考虑随和性和可靠性，但男性在理想的异性朋友中优先考虑身体吸引力，而女性则优先考虑经济资源和身体力量。这些发现表明，朋友偏好可能已经进化以解决与祖先性别相关的适应性问题，并且异性友谊可能直接或间接地服务于交配功能。
