Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
Dev Psychobiol. 2013 Dec;55(8):869-80. doi: 10.1002/dev.21079. Epub 2012 Sep 4.
Early sociodemographic risk, parenting, and temperament were examined as predictors of the activity of children's (N = 148; 81 boys, 67 girls) hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system. Demographic risk was assessed at 18 months (T1), intrusive/overcontrolling parenting and effortful control were assessed at 30 months (T2), and salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase were collected at 72 (T3) months of age. Demographic risk at T1 predicted lower levels of children's effortful control and higher levels of mothers' intrusive/overcontrolling parenting at T2. Intrusive/overcontrolling parenting at T2 predicted higher levels of children's cortisol and alpha-amylase at T3, but effortful control did not uniquely predict children's cortisol or alpha-amylase levels. Findings support the open nature of stress responsive physiological systems to influence by features of the early caregiving environment and underscore the utility of including measures of these systems in prevention trials designed to influence child outcomes by modifying parenting behavior.
早期的社会人口风险、育儿方式和气质被视为儿童（N=148；81 名男孩，67 名女孩）下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴和自主神经系统活动的预测因素。人口风险在 18 个月（T1）时进行评估，侵入性/过度控制的育儿方式和努力控制在 30 个月（T2）时进行评估，唾液皮质醇和α-淀粉酶在 72 个月（T3）时收集。T1 时的人口风险预测了 T2 时儿童努力控制水平较低和母亲侵入性/过度控制育儿方式水平较高。T2 时的侵入性/过度控制育儿方式预测了 T3 时儿童皮质醇和α-淀粉酶水平较高，但努力控制并不能单独预测儿童的皮质醇或α-淀粉酶水平。研究结果支持应激反应生理系统的开放性，受早期养育环境特征的影响，并强调在预防试验中纳入这些系统的测量，通过改变育儿行为来影响儿童的结果是有用的。
