Landcare Research, Hamilton, New Zealand.
Ambio. 2013 Feb;42(1):100-10. doi: 10.1007/s13280-012-0342-x. Epub 2012 Sep 6.
There is an urgent need to develop sound theory and practice for biodiversity offsets to provide a better basis for offset multipliers, to improve accounting for time delays in offset repayments, and to develop a common framework for evaluating in-kind and out-of-kind offsets. Here, we apply concepts and measures from systematic conservation planning and financial accounting to provide a basis for determining equity across type (of biodiversity), space, and time. We introduce net present biodiversity value (NPBV) as a theoretical and practical measure for defining the offset required to achieve no-net-loss. For evaluating equity in type and space we use measures of biodiversity value from systematic conservation planning. Time discount rates are used to address risk of non-repayment, and loss of utility. We illustrate these concepts and measures with two examples of biodiversity impact-offset transactions. Considerable further work is required to understand the characteristics of these approaches.
制定健全的生物多样性抵消理论和实践方法十分紧迫，这可为抵消乘数提供更好的基础，改进对抵消偿还的时滞的核算，并为评估实物和非实物抵消建立一个通用框架。在这里，我们应用系统保护规划和财务核算的概念和措施，为在类型（生物多样性）、空间和时间上确定公平性提供依据。我们引入净现值生物多样性价值（NPBV）作为一个理论和实践的衡量标准，用于确定实现零净损失所需的抵消额。为了评估类型和空间的公平性，我们使用系统保护规划中的生物多样性价值衡量标准。时间贴现率用于解决非偿还风险和效用损失。我们用两个生物多样性影响抵消交易的例子来说明这些概念和措施。需要进一步开展大量工作，以了解这些方法的特点。
