Analyzing left ventricular function in mice with Doppler echocardiography.

Mice are widely used in heart failure research. Accurate evaluation of cardiac structure and function is key to modern cardiovascular research. Doppler echocardiography is a simple, reproducible, and non-invasive method, which allows a longitudinal study of these small animals. Besides common parameters such as left ventricular chamber size, mass, and function, new emerging echo tools are of great interest for small animal imaging. In this review, we describe the technical issues linked to murine cardiovascular anatomy and physiology and the most current echo parameters that can be used.