Skuce Robin A, Allen Adrian R, McDowell Stanley W J
Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK.
Vet Med Int. 2012;2012:621210. doi: 10.1155/2012/621210. Epub 2012 Jun 28.
Bovine tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is one of the most challenging endemic diseases currently facing government, the veterinary profession, and the farming industry in the United Kingdom and Ireland and in several other countries. The disease has a notoriously complex epidemiology; the scientific evidence supports both cattle-cattle and wildlife-cattle transmission routes. To produce more effective ways of reducing such transmission, it is important to understand those risk factors which influence the presence or absence of bovine TB in cattle herds. Here we review the literature on herd-level risk factor studies. Whilst risk factors operate at different scales and may vary across regions, epidemiological studies have identified a number of risk factors associated with bovine TB herd breakdowns, including the purchase of cattle, the occurrence of bovine TB in contiguous herds, and/or the surrounding area as well as herd size. Other factors identified in some studies include farm and herd management practices, such as, the spreading of slurry, the use of certain housing types, farms having multiple premises, and the use of silage clamps. In general, the most consistently identified risk factors are biologically plausible and consistent with known transmission routes involving cattle-cattle and wildlife-cattle pathways.
牛结核病（TB）由牛分枝杆菌引起，是英国、爱尔兰以及其他一些国家的政府、兽医行业和农业目前面临的最具挑战性的地方病之一。该病的流行病学极其复杂；科学证据支持牛-牛和野生动物-牛的传播途径。为了找到更有效的减少此类传播的方法，了解那些影响牛群中牛结核病存在与否的风险因素非常重要。在此，我们回顾了关于畜群水平风险因素研究的文献。虽然风险因素在不同规模下起作用，且可能因地区而异，但流行病学研究已经确定了一些与牛结核病畜群疫情爆发相关的风险因素，包括购买牛、相邻畜群和/或周边地区出现牛结核病以及畜群规模。一些研究中确定的其他因素包括农场和畜群管理做法，例如，粪肥的撒施、某些类型畜舍的使用、拥有多个场地的农场以及青贮窖的使用。总体而言，最一致确定的风险因素在生物学上是合理的，并且与已知的涉及牛-牛和野生动物-牛途径的传播途径一致。
