Yasobant Sandul, Lekha K Shruti, Saxena Deepak
Centre for One Health Education, Research & Development (COHERD), Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar (IIPHG), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
School of Epidemiology & Public Health, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (DMIMS), Wardha, MH, India.
Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2024 Apr 16;17:955-972. doi: 10.2147/RMHP.S436385. eCollection 2024.
61% of the infections around the world that have emerged to date are zoonotic. Evidence warns that the threat posed by zoonoses is on the rise, and the risk of a new pandemic is higher now than ever. Early identification of risk, populations at risk, and risk of transmission are essential steps towards a prevention, preparation and response to outbreaks. This review aims to look at the tools available for identifying and estimating risks and threats from one health perspective and finally propose a list of indicators which could assess the risk of transmission of disease at the humans, animals and the environment intersection.
The databases like PubMed, google scholar, Embase and Scopus were used to extract the relevant articles. A search was carried out using a keyword. A total of 1311 articles were listed initially after the search and reviewed. Out of 1311, only 26 tools which assessed the risk of diseases mainly infectious or were relevant to risk of transmission of any infectious diseases were included in the review.
The tools included in this review involve risk assessment at the environmental, animal and human dimensions. The tools are used to evaluate the contamination of the environment due to chemicals or toxins or the risk of transmission of infection due to environmental factors like air contamination, to identify the animal diseases like bovine respiratory disease and foot and mouth disease and to estimate the human health risk at the community or individual levels.
Risk assessment tools are an essential part of the prevention of pandemics. These tools are helpful in assessing the risk of transmission of infections either from human to human, between human and animals, between animals and animals and so on. Thus this review gives us an insight into the existing risk assessment tools and the need for a One Health risk assessment tools to prevent outbreaks in future. It also provides a list of factors that can be included in a one health risk assessment tool.
迄今为止，全球出现的感染病例中有61%为人畜共患病。有证据警告称，人畜共患病构成的威胁正在上升，新的大流行风险目前比以往任何时候都更高。尽早识别风险、高危人群和传播风险是预防、防范和应对疫情的关键步骤。本综述旨在从“同一个健康”的角度审视可用于识别和评估风险与威胁的工具，并最终提出一份指标清单，该清单可评估疾病在人类、动物和环境交叉点的传播风险。
使用PubMed、谷歌学术、Embase和Scopus等数据库提取相关文章。使用关键词进行搜索。搜索后最初列出了1311篇文章并进行了审查。在这1311篇文章中，只有26种主要评估传染病风险或与任何传染病传播风险相关的工具被纳入综述。
本综述纳入的工具涉及环境、动物和人类层面的风险评估。这些工具用于评估化学物质或毒素对环境的污染，或空气污染等环境因素导致的感染传播风险，识别牛呼吸道疾病和口蹄疫等动物疾病，并估计社区或个体层面的人类健康风险。
风险评估工具是预防大流行的重要组成部分。这些工具有助于评估人与人之间、人与动物之间、动物与动物之间等的感染传播风险。因此，本综述让我们深入了解了现有的风险评估工具以及未来预防疫情所需的“同一个健康”风险评估工具。它还提供了可纳入“同一个健康”风险评估工具的因素清单。
