Marquis G S, Ventura G, Gilman R H, Porras E, Miranda E, Carbajal L, Pentafiel M
Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
Am J Public Health. 1990 Feb;80(2):146-9. doi: 10.2105/ajph.80.2.146.
We used direct observer techniques to measure the frequency with which toddler-aged children were contaminated by poultry feces in homes in a peri-urban shanty town in Lima, Peru. The mean number of fowl was 5.4 (SD 3.1), with 10.0 (SD 10.7) poultry defecations per 12 hours. Toddlers' hand contact with poultry feces occurred a mean of 2.9 (SD 3.0) times/12 hours. A mean of 3.9 (SD 4.6) feces-to-mouth episodes per household/12 hours occurred both by direct hand-to-mouth contamination and indirectly by handling soiled objects which were then placed in the mouth. There was a strong correlation between feces-to-hand contamination and feces-to-mouth contamination (r = 0.94). There was also an association between feces-to-mouth contamination and the number of stools deposited in the house (r = 0.66). For each additional chicken stool deposited during the day, there was an average increase of 0.27 in feces-to-mouth episodes. We collected feces from 68 infected chickens and found viable Campylobacter jejuni for up to 48 hours after deposition. Yet, a survey of 108 families demonstrated that free-roaming poultry were often not thought of as a health risk for children. An intervention program to reduce oral-fecal contamination should emphasize that all poultry be corralled and not allowed access into the house.
我们采用直接观察技术，来测量秘鲁利马一个城郊棚户区家庭中幼儿被家禽粪便污染的频率。家禽的平均数量为5.4只（标准差3.1），每12小时有10.0次（标准差10.7）家禽排便。幼儿手部接触家禽粪便的平均次数为每12小时2.9次（标准差3.0）。每户家庭每12小时因直接的手口接触污染以及间接接触被弄脏后又放入口中的物品，平均发生3.9次（标准差4.6）粪便入口情况。粪便到手的污染与粪便入口的污染之间存在很强的相关性（r = 0.94）。粪便入口污染与家中粪便的沉积数量之间也存在关联（r = 0.66）。白天每多沉积一个鸡粪，粪便入口情况平均增加0.27次。我们从68只受感染的鸡身上采集了粪便，发现空肠弯曲菌在粪便沉积后长达48小时仍可存活。然而，对108个家庭的调查表明，自由放养的家禽通常不被认为会对儿童健康构成风险。一项减少粪口污染的干预计划应强调，所有家禽都应圈养，不得进入房屋。
