Kazanis Ilias
MRC Cambridge Centre for Stem cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES, Cambridge, UK,
Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2013;15:3-29. doi: 10.1007/7854_2012_227.
The last two decades cytogenic processes (both neurogenic and gliogenic) driven by neural stem cells surviving within the adult mammalian brain have been extensively investigated. It is now well established that within at least two cytogenic niches, the subependymal zone of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone in the dentate gyrus, new neurons are born everyday with a fraction of them being finally incorporated into established neuronal networks in the olfactory bulb and the hippocampus, respectively. But how significant is adult neurogenesis in the context of the mature brain and what are the possibilities that these niches can contribute significantly in tissue repair after degenerative insults, or in the restoration of normal hippocampal function in the context of mental and cognitive disorders? Here, we summarise the available data on the normal behaviour of adult neural stem cells in the young and the aged brain and on their response to degeneration. Focus will be given, whenever possible, to numbers: how many stem cells survive in the adult brain, how many cells they can generate and at what ratios do they produce neurons and glia?
在过去二十年中，人们对成年哺乳动物大脑中存活的神经干细胞驱动的细胞生成过程（包括神经发生和胶质发生）进行了广泛研究。现在已经明确，至少在两个细胞生成微环境中，即侧脑室的室管膜下区和齿状回的颗粒下区，每天都会产生新的神经元，其中一部分最终分别整合到嗅球和海马体中已有的神经网络中。但是，在成熟大脑的背景下，成年神经发生有多重要？这些微环境在退行性损伤后的组织修复中，或在精神和认知障碍背景下正常海马体功能的恢复中，有多大可能做出重大贡献？在这里，我们总结了关于成年神经干细胞在年轻和老年大脑中的正常行为及其对退化反应的现有数据。只要有可能，我们将重点关注数量：成年大脑中有多少干细胞存活，它们能产生多少细胞，以及它们产生神经元和胶质细胞的比例是多少？
