Lattal K A, Gleeson S
Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26506-6040.
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 1990 Jan;16(1):27-39.
Discrete responses of experimentally naive, food-deprived White Carneaux pigeons (key pecks) or Sprague-Dawley rats (bar or omnidirectional lever presses) initiated unsignaled delay periods that terminated with food delivery. Each subject first was trained to eat from the food source, but no attempt was made to shape or to otherwise train the response. In both species, the response developed and was maintained. Control procedures excluded the simple passage of time, response elicitation or induction by food presentation, type of operandum, food delivery device location, and adventitious immediate reinforcement of responding as the basis for the effects. Results revealed that neither training nor immediate reinforcement is necessary to establish new behavior. The conditions that give rise to both the first and second response are discussed, and the results are related to other studies of the delay of reinforcement and to explanations of behavior based on contingency or correlation and contiguity.
实验中未经训练、处于食物剥夺状态的白卡诺鸽（按键啄击）或斯普拉格-道利大鼠（按压杆或全方位杠杆）的离散反应引发了无信号延迟期，延迟期结束时给予食物。每个实验对象首先接受从食物源进食的训练，但未尝试塑造或通过其他方式训练其反应。在这两个物种中，反应都得以发展并维持。控制程序排除了时间的简单流逝、食物呈现引发或诱导反应、操作部件类型、食物递送装置位置以及反应的偶然即时强化作为产生这些效应的基础。结果表明，建立新行为既不需要训练也不需要即时强化。讨论了引发首次和第二次反应的条件，并且将结果与其他强化延迟研究以及基于偶然性或相关性和接近性的行为解释联系起来。
