School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
Ambio. 2013 Feb;42(1):13-28. doi: 10.1007/s13280-012-0343-9. Epub 2012 Oct 18.
Megacities are not only important drivers for socio-economic development but also sources of environmental challenges. Many megacities and large urban agglomerations are located in the coastal zone where land, atmosphere, and ocean meet, posing multiple environmental challenges which we consider here. The atmospheric flow around megacities is complicated by urban heat island effects and topographic flows and sea breezes and influences air pollution and human health. The outflow of polluted air over the ocean perturbs biogeochemical processes. Contaminant inputs can damage downstream coastal zone ecosystem function and resources including fisheries, induce harmful algal blooms and feedback to the atmosphere via marine emissions. The scale of influence of megacities in the coastal zone is hundreds to thousands of kilometers in the atmosphere and tens to hundreds of kilometers in the ocean. We list research needs to further our understanding of coastal megacities with the ultimate aim to improve their environmental management.
特大城市不仅是社会经济发展的重要驱动力，也是环境挑战的源头。许多特大城市和大型城市群都位于沿海地区，那里是陆地、大气和海洋交汇的地方，带来了多种环境挑战，我们在此进行探讨。特大城市周围的大气流动受到城市热岛效应、地形流动和海风的影响，从而影响空气污染和人类健康。污染空气在海洋上的流出扰乱了生物地球化学过程。污染物的输入会破坏下游沿海地区生态系统的功能和资源，包括渔业资源，引发有害藻类大量繁殖，并通过海洋排放反哺大气。特大城市在沿海地区的影响范围在大气中可达数百至数千公里，在海洋中可达数十至数百公里。我们列出了研究需求，以进一步了解沿海特大城市，最终目的是改善其环境管理。
