Department of Psychiatry and Psychology and director of the Addiction Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Alcohol Res Health. 2009;32(1):16-29.
Little information is available on alcohol use in children up to age 10, although rates appear to be low. This age-group is not without risk, however. In fact, numerous nonspecific and specific risk factors for subsequent alcohol use are prevalent in childhood. Alcohol-nonspecific risk factors include externalizing and internalizing behaviors, as well as environmental and social factors (e.g., stress, physical abuse, or other aspects of social interaction). Nonspecific childhood factors (i.e., predictors) are being identified to target specific population subgroups for preventive interventions. These efforts have identified a variety of predictors of drinking onset during childhood or early adolescence that predict adolescent and young-adult problem drinking, as well as adult alcohol use and alcohol use disorders. Alcohol-specific risk factors also are being identified, including children's beliefs and expectancies about alcohol, as well as childhood social contexts (e.g., modeling of alcohol use by parents, portrayal of alcohol use in the mass media, and growing up in a family with an alcoholic family member). Together, these specific and nonspecific influences play a heavy role in determining a child's risk of or resilience to later alcohol use and related problems.
关于 10 岁以下儿童的饮酒情况，目前信息有限，尽管这一年龄段的饮酒率似乎较低。然而，这个年龄段并非没有风险。事实上，许多与后续饮酒相关的非特定和特定风险因素在儿童期普遍存在。非特定的饮酒风险因素包括外化和内化行为，以及环境和社会因素（例如压力、身体虐待或其他社会互动方面）。正在确定非特定的儿童因素（即预测因素），以便针对特定的人群亚组进行预防干预。这些努力确定了各种预测儿童期或青春期早期饮酒开始的因素，这些因素可以预测青少年和年轻成人的酗酒问题，以及成人的饮酒和酒精使用障碍。也正在确定特定的饮酒风险因素，包括儿童对酒精的信念和期望，以及儿童时期的社会环境（例如父母饮酒行为的示范、大众媒体对饮酒的描绘以及在有酗酒家庭成员的家庭中成长）。这些特定和非特定的因素共同在很大程度上决定了儿童以后饮酒和相关问题的风险或适应能力。
