National Center for Disaster Preparedness, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2010 Sep;4 Suppl 1:S46-54. doi: 10.1001/dmp.2010.14.
Disaster recovery is a complex phenomenon. Too often, recovery is measured in singular fashion, such as quantifying rebuilt infrastructure or lifelines, without taking in to account the affected population's individual and community recovery. A comprehensive framework is needed that encompasses a much broader and far-reaching construct with multiple underlying dimensions and numerous causal pathways; without the consideration of a comprehensive framework that investigates relationships between these factors, an accurate measurement of recovery may not be valid. This study proposes a model that encapsulates these ideas into a single framework, the Socio-Ecological Model of Recovery.
Using confirmatory factor analysis, an operational measure of recovery was developed and validated using the five measures of housing stability, economic stability, physical health, mental health, and social role adaptation. The data were drawn from a sample of displaced households following Hurricane Katrina. Measures of psychological strength, risk, disaster exposure, neighborhood contextual effects, and formal and informal help were modeled to examine their direct and indirect effects on recovery using a structural equation model.
All five elements of the recovery measure were positively correlated with a latent measure of recovery, although mental health and social role adaptation displayed the strongest associations. An individual's psychological strength had the greatest association with positive recovery, followed by having a household income greater than $20,000 and having informal social support. Those factors most strongly associated with an absence of recovery included the time displaced since the hurricane, being disabled, and living in a community with substantial social disorder.
The socio-ecological framework provides a robust means for measuring recovery, and for testing those factors associated with the presence or absence of recovery.
灾难恢复是一个复杂的现象。通常，恢复的衡量方式是单一的，例如量化重建的基础设施或生命线，而没有考虑到受灾人群的个人和社区恢复。需要一个全面的框架，包含更广泛和深远的结构，具有多个潜在维度和众多因果途径；如果不考虑一个全面的框架来研究这些因素之间的关系，那么对恢复的准确衡量可能是无效的。本研究提出了一个模型，将这些想法纳入一个单一的框架，即恢复的社会生态模型。
使用验证性因子分析，开发了一种操作恢复的衡量标准，并使用住房稳定、经济稳定、身体健康、心理健康和社会角色适应五个措施进行了验证。数据来自卡特里娜飓风后流离失所家庭的样本。对心理力量、风险、灾害暴露、邻里环境影响以及正式和非正式帮助等措施进行建模，以使用结构方程模型检验它们对恢复的直接和间接影响。
恢复衡量标准的所有五个要素都与恢复的潜在衡量标准呈正相关，尽管心理健康和社会角色适应与恢复的关联最强。个体的心理力量与积极的恢复最相关，其次是家庭收入超过 20,000 美元和拥有非正式的社会支持。与缺乏恢复最相关的因素包括自飓风以来的流离失所时间、残疾以及生活在社会秩序严重混乱的社区。
社会生态框架为衡量恢复提供了一个强有力的手段，并可以测试与存在或不存在恢复相关的因素。
