Costa G
Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e di Comunità, Università di Milano e Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
G Ital Med Lav Ergon. 2012 Jul-Sep;34(3):348-51.
Driving is a stressful task that requires high levels of attention and vigilance to cope properly with job demands, mainly related to working hours and timetables, weather and traffic conditions, passengers and goods safety, responsibility in case of error and/or accident. Scientific literature shows a higher prevalence of cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neuropsychic and musculoskeletal disorders, and consequent sick leaves, in professional bus/lorry and train drivers. Several studies have emphasized that stress, fatigue and excessive sleepiness give a significant contribution to occupational road and rail accidents. There are noteworthy, interindividual differences concerning alertness/sleepiness and tolerance to fatigue, related to psychophysiological and behavioural characteristics and health status, in particular: age, ability to overcome drowsiness, morningness/eveningness, diet and intake of psychotropic substances (alcohol, drugs, medicaments), primary and secondary sleep disorders (insomnia, ipersomnias, parasomnias).
驾驶是一项压力较大的任务，需要高度的注意力和警觉性，以便妥善应对工作要求，这些要求主要涉及工作时间和时间表、天气和交通状况、乘客和货物安全、出错和/或发生事故时的责任。科学文献表明，职业巴士/货车和火车司机中心血管、胃肠道、神经精神和肌肉骨骼疾病的患病率较高，因此病假也较多。多项研究强调，压力、疲劳和过度困倦是导致职业道路和铁路事故的重要因素。关于警觉性/困倦程度以及对疲劳的耐受性，存在显著的个体差异，这些差异与心理生理和行为特征以及健康状况有关，特别是：年龄、克服嗜睡的能力、晨型/夜型、饮食和精神活性物质（酒精、毒品、药物）的摄入、原发性和继发性睡眠障碍（失眠、睡眠过多、异态睡眠）。
