Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Annu Rev Immunol. 2013;31:73-106. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032712-095944. Epub 2012 Nov 26.
Inflammasomes are cytosolic multiprotein complexes that assemble in response to a variety of infectious and noxious insults. Inflammasomes play a critical role in the initiation of innate immune responses, primarily by serving as platforms for the activation of inflammatory caspase proteases. One such caspase, CASPASE-1 (CASP1), initiates innate immune responses by cleaving pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18, leading to their activation and release. CASP1 and another inflammatory caspase termed CASP11 can also initiate a rapid and inflammatory form of cell death termed pyroptosis. Several distinct inflammasomes have been described, each of which contains a unique sensor protein of the NLR (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing) superfamily or the PYHIN (PYRIN and HIN-200 domain-containing) superfamily. Here we describe the surprisingly diverse mechanisms by which NLR/PYHIN proteins sense bacteria and initiate innate immune responses. We conclude that inflammasomes represent a highly adaptable scaffold ideally suited for detecting and initiating rapid innate responses to diverse and rapidly evolving bacteria.
炎症小体是一种细胞浆多蛋白复合物,可对多种感染性和有害刺激物作出反应而组装。炎症小体在先天免疫反应的启动中起着关键作用,主要是作为激活炎症半胱天冬酶蛋白酶的平台。半胱天冬酶-1(CASP1)是一种这样的半胱天冬酶,它通过切割前白细胞介素-1β(pro-IL-1β)和前白细胞介素-18(pro-IL-18)来启动先天免疫反应,导致它们的激活和释放。CASP1 和另一种称为 CASP11 的炎症半胱天冬酶也可以引发一种称为细胞焦亡的快速炎症形式的细胞死亡。已经描述了几种不同的炎症小体,每种炎症小体都包含 NLR(核苷酸结合域,富含亮氨酸重复序列)超家族或 PYHIN(PYRIN 和 HIN-200 域包含)超家族的独特传感器蛋白。在这里,我们描述了 NLR/PYHIN 蛋白感知细菌并启动先天免疫反应的惊人多样化机制。我们得出结论,炎症小体代表了一种高度适应性的支架,非常适合检测和启动对各种快速进化细菌的快速先天反应。