Department of Geography, San Diego State University/University of California, Santa Barbara, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92182-4493, USA,
Environ Manage. 2014 Jan;53(1):94-111. doi: 10.1007/s00267-012-0009-1. Epub 2013 Jan 6.
Humans have transformed much of Earth's land surface, giving rise to loss of biodiversity, climate change, and a host of other environmental issues that are affecting human and biophysical systems in unexpected ways. To confront these problems, environmental managers must consider human and landscape systems in integrated ways. This means making use of data obtained from a broad range of methods (e.g., sensors, surveys), while taking into account new findings from the social and biophysical science literatures. New integrative methods (including data fusion, simulation modeling, and participatory approaches) have emerged in recent years to address these challenges, and to allow analysts to provide information that links qualitative and quantitative elements for policymakers. This paper brings attention to these emergent tools while providing an overview of the tools currently in use for analysis of human-landscape interactions. Analysts are now faced with a staggering array of approaches in the human-landscape literature--in an attempt to bring increased clarity to the field, we identify the relative strengths of each tool, and provide guidance to analysts on the areas to which each tool is best applied. We discuss four broad categories of tools: statistical methods (including survival analysis, multi-level modeling, and Bayesian approaches), GIS and spatial analysis methods, simulation approaches (including cellular automata, agent-based modeling, and participatory modeling), and mixed-method techniques (such as alternative futures modeling and integrated assessment). For each tool, we offer an example from the literature of its application in human-landscape research. Among these tools, participatory approaches are gaining prominence for analysts to make the broadest possible array of information available to researchers, environmental managers, and policymakers. Further development of new approaches of data fusion and integration across sites or disciplines pose an important challenge for future work in integrating human and landscape components.
人类已经改变了地球表面的大部分地区，导致生物多样性丧失、气候变化以及许多其他环境问题，这些问题正以出人意料的方式影响着人类和自然生态系统。为了解决这些问题，环境管理者必须以综合的方式考虑人类和景观系统。这意味着要利用从广泛的方法（如传感器、调查）中获得的数据，同时考虑社会和自然科学文献中的新发现。近年来，新的综合方法（包括数据融合、模拟建模和参与式方法）已经出现，以应对这些挑战，并使分析师能够提供将定性和定量元素联系起来的信息，以供政策制定者参考。本文关注这些新兴工具，同时概述当前用于分析人类-景观相互作用的工具。分析师现在面临着人类-景观文献中令人眼花缭乱的方法——为了使该领域更加清晰，我们确定了每种工具的相对优势，并为分析师提供了关于每种工具最适用的领域的指导。我们讨论了四大类工具：统计方法（包括生存分析、多层次建模和贝叶斯方法）、GIS 和空间分析方法、模拟方法（包括元胞自动机、基于代理的建模和参与式建模）和混合方法技术（如替代未来建模和综合评估）。对于每种工具，我们都从文献中提供了一个在人类-景观研究中应用的示例。在这些工具中，参与式方法越来越受到分析师的重视，以便为研究人员、环境管理者和政策制定者提供尽可能广泛的信息。在整合人类和景观要素方面，新的数据融合和跨站点或跨学科整合方法的进一步发展是未来工作的重要挑战。
