Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Paul Bocuse, Château du Vivier, 69130 Ecully, France.
Physiol Behav. 2013 Feb 17;110-111:169-78. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.01.009. Epub 2013 Jan 17.
The effects of increasing eating frequency on human health are unclear. This study used an integrated approach to assess the short-term consequences on appetite and metabolism. Twenty normal-weight men participated in: (i) two sessions consisting of a breakfast consumed in one eating episode at T0 (F1), or in four isocaloric eating episodes at T0, T60, T120, and T180 min (F4), and followed by an ecological ad libitum buffet meal (T240) designed in an experimental restaurant. Intakes were assessed for the whole buffet meal and for each temporal quarter of the meal. (ii) two sessions consisting of the same two breakfasts F1 and F4 in a Clinical Investigation Centre. Blood sampling was performed to study the kinetics of ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose, insulin, triglycerides and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Substrate oxidation was measured by indirect calorimetry. During each of the 4 sessions, participants rated their appetite throughout the experiment. After F4, at T240 min, GLP-1 concentration was higher (P=0.006) while ghrelin concentration and hunger ratings were lower (P<0.001). We showed a trend for subjects to consume less energy (-88±61 kcal, P=0.08) at the buffet after F4, explained by a decrease in lipid intake (P=0.04). Marked differences in consumption were observed during the last temporal quarter of the meal for total energy and lipid intake (P=0.03). Mixed models highlighted differences between F1 and F4 for the kinetics of glucose, insulin and NEFA (P<0.001). The area under the curve was lower for insulin (P<0.001) and NEFA in F4 (P=0.03). Diet induced thermogenesis was reduced in F4 (P<0.05). This study demonstrated the beneficial short-term effect of increasing eating frequency on appetite in lean men considering subjective, physiological and behavioral data. However, the loss of the inter-prandial fast was associated with an inhibition of lipolysis, reflected by NEFA profiles, and a decrease in energy expenditure.
增加进食频率对人体健康的影响尚不清楚。本研究采用综合方法评估对食欲和新陈代谢的短期影响。20 名正常体重男性参与了以下两项研究：（i）在两个实验中，早餐在 T0 时一次性进食（F1），或在 T0、T60、T120 和 T180 分钟时分为四次等热量进食（F4），随后在实验餐厅设计的生态自助餐中随意进食（T240）。整个自助餐和餐食的每个时间区间的摄入量都进行了评估。（ii）在临床研究中心进行了两项实验，其中早餐 F1 和 F4 相同。进行采血以研究胃饥饿素、胰高血糖素样肽-1（GLP-1）、葡萄糖、胰岛素、甘油三酯和非酯化脂肪酸（NEFA）的动力学。通过间接测热法测量底物氧化。在每个 4 个实验期间，参与者在整个实验过程中对食欲进行评分。在 F4 后，T240 分钟时，GLP-1 浓度升高（P=0.006），而胃饥饿素浓度和饥饿评分降低（P<0.001）。我们发现，F4 后，参与者在自助餐中摄入的能量减少了（-88±61kcal，P=0.08），这归因于脂质摄入减少（P=0.04）。在餐食的最后一个时间区间，总能量和脂质摄入存在显著差异（P=0.03）。混合模型强调了 F1 和 F4 之间葡萄糖、胰岛素和 NEFA 动力学的差异（P<0.001）。F4 时胰岛素（P<0.001）和 NEFA 的曲线下面积较低（P=0.03）。F4 时饮食诱导的产热减少（P<0.05）。本研究表明，在瘦人中，增加进食频率对食欲具有短期有益影响，考虑到主观、生理和行为数据。然而，失去餐后禁食会导致脂肪分解抑制，反映在 NEFA 谱中，并降低能量消耗。
