Department of Psychology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA,
Behav Res Methods. 2013 Dec;45(4):1115-43. doi: 10.3758/s13428-012-0307-9.
The Nelson and Narens (Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 19:338-368, 1980) general knowledge norms have been valuable to researchers in many fields. However, much has changed over the 32 years since the 1980 norms. For example, in 1980, most people knew the answer to the question "What is the name of the Lone Ranger's Indian sidekick?" (answer: Tonto), whereas in 2012, few people know this answer. Thus, we updated the 1980 norms and expanded them by providing new measures. In particular, we report two new metacognitive measures (confidence judgments and peer judgments) and provide a detailed report of commission errors. Each of these measures will be valuable to researchers, and together they are likely to facilitate future research in a number of fields, such as research investigating memory illusions, metamemory processes, and error correction. The presence of substantial generational shifts from 1980 to 2012 necessitates the use of updated norms.
纳尔逊和纳伦斯（《言语学习与言语行为杂志》19：338-368，1980）的一般知识规范对许多领域的研究人员都很有价值。然而，自 1980 年规范以来，已经过去了 32 年，情况发生了很大变化。例如，在 1980 年，大多数人都知道“独行侠的印第安助手叫什么名字？”这个问题的答案（答案：Tonto），而在 2012 年，很少有人知道这个答案。因此，我们更新了 1980 年的规范，并通过提供新的指标对其进行了扩展。特别是，我们报告了两个新的元认知指标（信心判断和同伴判断），并详细报告了错误判断。这些指标对于研究人员都将非常有价值，它们共同可能会促进未来在许多领域的研究，例如研究记忆错觉、元记忆过程和错误纠正。从 1980 年到 2012 年，存在大量的代际变化，这需要使用更新的规范。
