Lee Gyungjoo, McCreary Linda, Kim Mi Ja, Park Chang Gi, Yang Soo
College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA.
J Korean Acad Nurs. 2012 Dec;42(7):1039-49. doi: 10.4040/jkan.2012.42.7.1039.
From the holistic environmental perspective, individual and environmental influences on low-income children's questionable development were identified and examined as to differences in the influences according to the child's developmental stage of infancy (age 0-35 months) or early childhood (age 36-71 months).
This study was a cross-sectional comparative design using negative binominal regression analysis to identify predictors of questionable development separately for each developmental stage. The sample was comprised of 952 children (357 in infancy and 495 in early childhood) from low-income families in South Korea. Predictors included individual factors: child's age and gender; proximal environmental influences: family factors (family health conditions, primary caregiver, child-caregiver relationship, depression in primary caregiver) and institution factors (daycare enrollment, days per week in daycare); and distal environmental influences: income/resources factors (family income, personal resources and social resources); and community factors (perceived child-rearing environment). The outcome variable was questionable development.
Significant contributors to questionable development in the infancy group were age, family health conditions, and personal resources; in the early childhood group, significant contributors were gender, family health conditions, grandparent as a primary caregiver, child-caregiver relationships, daycare enrollment, and personal resources.
Factors influencing children's questionable development may vary by developmental stage. It is important to consider differences in individual and environmental influences when developing targeted interventions to ensure that children attain their optimal developmental goals at each developmental stage. Understanding this may lead nursing professionals to design more effective preventive interventions for low-income children.
从整体环境视角出发，识别并研究个体及环境因素对低收入儿童可疑发育情况的影响，并探讨根据儿童婴儿期（0 - 35个月）或幼儿期（36 - 71个月）发育阶段，这些影响因素存在的差异。
本研究采用横断面比较设计，运用负二项回归分析分别确定每个发育阶段可疑发育情况的预测因素。样本包括来自韩国低收入家庭的952名儿童（婴儿期357名，幼儿期495名）。预测因素包括个体因素：儿童年龄和性别；近端环境影响因素：家庭因素（家庭健康状况、主要照顾者、儿童与照顾者关系、主要照顾者的抑郁情况）和机构因素（日托入学情况、每周日托天数）；远端环境影响因素：收入/资源因素（家庭收入、个人资源和社会资源）；以及社区因素（感知到的育儿环境）。结果变量为可疑发育情况。
婴儿期组中，对可疑发育情况有显著影响的因素是年龄、家庭健康状况和个人资源；幼儿期组中，显著影响因素是性别、家庭健康状况、主要照顾者为祖父母、儿童与照顾者关系、日托入学情况和个人资源。
影响儿童可疑发育情况的因素可能因发育阶段而异。在制定针对性干预措施时，考虑个体和环境影响的差异非常重要，以确保儿童在每个发育阶段都能实现最佳发育目标。了解这一点可能会促使护理专业人员为低收入儿童设计更有效的预防性干预措施。
