Jacobs Stephanie J, Pezza Alexandre B, Barras Vaughan, Bye John
School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia,
Int J Biometeorol. 2014 Mar;58(2):263-75. doi: 10.1007/s00484-013-0636-0. Epub 2013 Feb 13.
Humans are at risk from exposure to extremes in their environment, yet there is no consistent way to fully quantify and understand the risk when considering more than just meteorological variables. An outdoor 'bio-comfort' threshold is defined for Melbourne, Australia using a combination of heat stress, air particulate concentration and grass pollen count, where comfortable conditions imply an ideal range of temperature, humidity and wind speed, acceptable levels of air particulates and a low pollen count. This is a new approach to defining the comfort of human populations. While other works have looked into the separate impacts of different variables, this is the first time that a unified bio-comfort threshold is suggested. Composite maps of surface pressure are used to illustrate the genesis and evolution of the atmospheric structures conducive to an uncomfortable day. When there is an uncomfortable day due to heat stress conditions in Melbourne, there is a high pressure anomaly to the east bringing warm air from the northern interior of Australia. This anomaly is part of a slow moving blocking high originating over the Indian Ocean. Uncomfortable days due to high particulate levels have an approaching cold front. However, for air particulate cases during the cold season there are stable atmospheric conditions enhanced by a blocking high emanating from Australia and linking with the Antarctic continent. Finally, when grass pollen levels are high, there are northerly winds carrying the pollen from rural grass lands to Melbourne, due to a stationary trough of low pressure inland. Analysis into days with multiple types of stress revealed that the atmospheric signals associated with each type of discomfort are present regardless of whether the day is uncomfortable due to one or multiple variables. Therefore, these bio-comfort results are significant because they offer a degree of predictability for future uncomfortable days in Melbourne.
人类面临着暴露于极端环境中的风险，然而，在考虑不仅仅是气象变量时，没有一种一致的方法来全面量化和理解这种风险。利用热应激、空气颗粒物浓度和草花粉计数的组合，为澳大利亚墨尔本定义了一个户外“生物舒适度”阈值，其中舒适条件意味着温度、湿度和风速的理想范围、可接受的空气颗粒物水平和低花粉计数。这是一种定义人群舒适度的新方法。虽然其他研究探讨了不同变量的单独影响，但这是首次提出统一的生物舒适度阈值。使用地面气压合成图来说明有利于不舒适天气的大气结构的形成和演变。当墨尔本因热应激条件出现不舒适天气时，东部会出现高压异常，从澳大利亚北部内陆带来暖空气。这种异常是起源于印度洋的缓慢移动阻塞高压的一部分。因颗粒物水平高导致的不舒适天气有冷锋逼近。然而，在寒冷季节的空气颗粒物情况中，有稳定的大气条件，这是由源自澳大利亚并与南极大陆相连的阻塞高压增强的。最后，当草花粉水平高时，由于内陆有一个静止的低压槽，有北风将花粉从农村草地吹到墨尔本。对多种压力类型的日子进行分析发现，无论一天因一个或多个变量而不舒适，与每种不适类型相关的大气信号都存在。因此，这些生物舒适度结果意义重大，因为它们为墨尔本未来的不舒适日子提供了一定程度的可预测性。
