State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2013 Apr 15;450-451:197-204. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.024. Epub 2013 Mar 6.
Eleven antibiotics in three different categories were investigated in two types of coastal bays (a semi-enclosed bay and an open bay) of the Yellow Sea and in fresh water (rivers and sewage treatment plants [STP] effluents) that discharged into the bays. The results revealed the presence of three predominant antibiotics: dehydration erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. These antibiotics were detected in the seawater and fresh water with concentrations of <0.23-50.4 ng L(-1) and <0.25-663.1 ng L(-1), respectively. In terms of the regional distribution of the compounds within the two types of bays, higher concentrations (<0.23-50.4 ng L(-1)) and higher spatial variations (coefficients of variation: 98%-124%) were found in the semi-enclosed Jiaozhou Bay due to the poor water-exchange ability and to fresh-water inputs through rivers and/or STP effluents. In contrast, lower concentrations (<0.23-3.0 ng L(-1)) and lower spatial variations (coefficients of variation: 36%-75%) were present in the open Yantai Bays due to the strong water-exchange with the open sea. The source apportionment suggested that 1) fresh-water inputs were the primary source of macrolides in the coastal water, and 2) mariculture affected the relative pollution levels of trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole and sulfathiazole in the bays. In addition, a risk assessment based on the calculated risk quotient (RQ) showed that the dehydrated erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole and clarithromycin detected at most of the sampling sites in Jiaozhou Bay could pose high (RQ>1) risks to the most sensitive aquatic microorganisms, such as Synechococcus leopoliensis and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, whilst in the Yantai Bays, the compounds could pose medium risks (1≥RQ>0.1) to the same aquatic microorganisms.
三种不同类别的 11 种抗生素在黄海的两种类型的沿海海湾（半封闭海湾和开放式海湾）和排入海湾的淡水（河流和污水处理厂[STP]的废水）中进行了研究。结果表明，存在三种主要的抗生素：脱水红霉素、磺胺甲恶唑和甲氧苄啶。这些抗生素在海水和淡水中的浓度分别为<0.23-50.4ng/L 和<0.25-663.1ng/L。就两种类型的海湾中化合物的区域分布而言，由于水交换能力差以及河流和/或 STP 废水的淡水输入，半封闭的胶州湾中发现了更高的浓度（<0.23-50.4ng/L）和更高的空间变化（变异系数：98%-124%）。相比之下，由于与开阔海域的强烈水交换，开阔的烟台湾中存在更低的浓度（<0.23-3.0ng/L）和更低的空间变化（变异系数：36%-75%）。源分配表明，1）淡水输入是沿海水中大环内酯类抗生素的主要来源，2）海水养殖影响了海湾中甲氧苄啶、磺胺甲恶唑和磺胺噻唑的相对污染水平。此外，基于计算得到的风险商数（RQ）进行的风险评估表明，在胶州湾大多数采样点检测到的脱水红霉素、磺胺甲恶唑和克拉霉素可能对最敏感的水生微生物（如莱氏衣藻和斜生栅藻）造成高（RQ>1）风险，而在烟台湾，这些化合物可能对相同的水生微生物造成中（1≥RQ>0.1）风险。
