Midwest Center for Occupational Health and Safety Education and Research Center, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Accid Anal Prev. 2013 Jun;55:116-23. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.02.035. Epub 2013 Mar 7.
Motor vehicle crashes involving civilian and emergency vehicles (EVs) have been a known problem that contributes to fatal and nonfatal injuries; however, characteristics associated with civilian drivers have not been examined adequately. This study used data from The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the National Automotive Sampling System General Estimates System to identify driver, roadway, environmental, and crash factors, and consequences for civilian drivers involved in fatal and nonfatal crashes with in-use and in-transport EVs. In general, drivers involved in emergency-civilian crashes (ECCs) were more often driving: straight through intersections (vs. same direction) of four-points or more (vs. not at intersection); where traffic signals were present (vs. no traffic control device); and at night (vs. midday). For nonfatal ECCs, drivers were more often driving: distracted (vs. not distracted); with vision obstructed by external objects (vs. no obstruction); on dark but lighted roads (vs. daylight); and in opposite directions (vs. same directions) of the EVs. Consequences included increased risk of injury (vs. no injury) and receiving traffic violations (vs. no violation). Fatal ECCs were associated with driving on urban roads (vs. rural), although these types of crashes were less likely to occur on dark roads (vs. daylight). The findings of this study suggest drivers may have difficulties in visually detecting EVs in different environments.
涉及民用车辆和应急车辆（EV）的机动车事故是一个已知的问题，会导致致命和非致命伤害；然而，与民用驾驶员相关的特征尚未得到充分研究。本研究使用了来自美国国家公路交通安全管理局的致命事故分析报告系统和国家汽车抽样系统总体估计系统的数据，以确定驾驶员、道路、环境和碰撞因素，以及涉及民用驾驶员的致命和非致命事故的后果，这些事故涉及使用中的和运输中的 EV。一般来说，涉及紧急民用事故（ECC）的驾驶员更频繁地驾驶：在四点以上的交叉口（而不是同一方向）直走；有交通信号灯（而不是没有交通控制装置）；在夜间（而不是中午）。对于非致命的 ECC，驾驶员更频繁地驾驶：分心（而不是不分心）；有外部物体遮挡视线（而不是没有障碍物）；在黑暗但有灯光的道路上（而不是白天）；以及与 EV 的方向相反（而不是相同方向）。后果包括受伤风险增加（而不是没有受伤）和收到交通违规（而不是没有违规）。致命的 ECC 与在城市道路上行驶有关（而不是农村），尽管这些类型的事故不太可能在黑暗的道路上发生（而不是白天）。本研究的结果表明，驾驶员在不同环境中可能难以目视检测 EV。
