Jones Jeffrey B, Vallad Gary E, Iriarte Fanny B, Obradović Aleksa, Wernsing Mine H, Jackson Lee E, Balogh Botond, Hong Jason C, Momol M Timur
Plant Pathology Department; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA.
Bacteriophage. 2012 Oct 1;2(4):208-214. doi: 10.4161/bact.23857.
The use of bacteriophages as an effective phage therapy strategy faces significant challenges for controlling plant diseases in the phyllosphere. A number of factors must be taken into account when considering phage therapy for bacterial plant pathogens. Given that effective mitigation requires high populations of phage be present in close proximity to the pathogen at critical times in the disease cycle, the single biggest impediment that affects the efficacy of bacteriophages is their inability to persist on plant surfaces over time due to environmental factors. Inactivation by UV light is the biggest factor reducing bacteriophage persistence on plant surfaces. Therefore, designing strategies that minimize this effect are critical. For instance, application timing can be altered: instead of morning or afternoon application, phages can be applied late in the day to minimize the adverse effects of UV and extend the time high populations of phage persist on leaf surfaces. Protective formulations have been identified which prolong phage viability on the leaf surface; however, UV inactivation continues to be the major limiting factor in developing more effective bacteriophage treatments for bacterial plant pathogens. Other strategies, which have been developed to potentially increase persistence of phages on leaf surfaces, rely on establishing non-pathogenic or attenuated bacterial strains in the phyllosphere that are sensitive to the phage(s) specific to the target bacterium. We have also learned that selecting the correct phages for disease control is critical. This requires careful monitoring of bacterial strains in the field to minimize development of bacterial strains with resistance to the deployed bacteriophages. We also have data that indicate that selecting the phages based on in vivo assays may also be important when developing use for field application. Although bacteriophages have potential in biological control for plant disease control, there are major obstacles, which must be considered.
将噬菌体用作一种有效的噬菌体治疗策略，在控制叶际植物病害方面面临重大挑战。在考虑针对植物细菌病原体的噬菌体治疗时，必须考虑许多因素。鉴于有效的缓解需要在病害周期的关键时期，在病原体附近存在大量噬菌体，影响噬菌体功效的最大障碍是由于环境因素，它们无法在植物表面长期存活。紫外线失活是降低噬菌体在植物表面持久性的最大因素。因此，设计能将这种影响降至最低的策略至关重要。例如，可以改变施用时间：噬菌体可以在一天晚些时候施用，而不是在上午或下午施用，以尽量减少紫外线的不利影响，并延长大量噬菌体在叶片表面持续存在的时间。已经确定了一些保护制剂，可延长噬菌体在叶片表面的存活能力；然而，紫外线失活仍然是开发更有效的针对植物细菌病原体的噬菌体治疗方法的主要限制因素。为了潜在地增加噬菌体在叶片表面的持久性而开发的其他策略，依赖于在叶际建立对目标细菌特有的噬菌体敏感的非致病性或减毒细菌菌株。我们还了解到，选择正确的噬菌体用于病害控制至关重要。这需要对田间的细菌菌株进行仔细监测，以尽量减少对所部署噬菌体产生抗性的细菌菌株的出现。我们也有数据表明，在开发用于田间应用时，基于体内试验选择噬菌体可能也很重要。尽管噬菌体在植物病害生物防治方面具有潜力，但仍有一些必须考虑的主要障碍。
