Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2013;42(3):332-47. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2013.777916. Epub 2013 Mar 27.
Extensive comorbidity between depression and anxiety has driven research to identify unique and shared risk factors. This study prospectively examined the specificity of three interpersonal stressors (emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and relationally oriented peer victimization) as predictors of depressive versus anxiety symptoms in a racially diverse community sample of adolescents. We expanded on past research by examining hopelessness as a mediator of the relationships between these interpersonal stressors and symptoms. Participants included 225 adolescents (55% African American; 59% female; M age = 12.84 years) who completed measures at baseline (Time 1) and two follow-up assessments (Times 2 and 3). Symptoms of depression and anxiety (social, physical, total) were assessed at Time 1 and Time 3, whereas intervening emotional maltreatment, peer victimization, and hopelessness were assessed at Time 2. Hierarchical linear regressions indicated that emotional abuse was a nonspecific predictor of increases in both depressive symptoms and symptoms of social, physical, and total anxiety, whereas relationally oriented peer victimization predicted depressive symptoms specifically. Emotional neglect did not predict increases in depressive or anxiety symptoms. In addition, hopelessness mediated the relationships between emotional abuse and increases in symptoms of depression and social anxiety. These findings suggest that emotional abuse and relationally oriented peer victimization are interpersonal stressors that are relevant to the development of internalizing symptoms in adolescence and that hopelessness may be one mechanism through which emotional abuse contributes to an increased risk of depression and social anxiety.
抑郁和焦虑之间广泛存在的共病现象促使研究人员去寻找独特的和共同的风险因素。本研究前瞻性地考察了三种人际应激源（情绪虐待、情感忽视和关系导向的同伴侵害）作为预测青少年种族多样化社区样本中抑郁症状与焦虑症状的特异性。我们通过考察无望感作为这些人际应激源与症状之间关系的中介，扩展了以往的研究。参与者包括 225 名青少年（55%为非裔美国人；59%为女性；平均年龄为 12.84 岁），他们在基线（第 1 次）和两次随访评估（第 2 次和第 3 次）时完成了测量。抑郁和焦虑症状（社交、身体、总）在第 1 次和第 3 次进行评估，而在第 2 次评估时则评估了中间的情感虐待、同伴侵害和无望感。分层线性回归表明，情绪虐待是非特异性地预测抑郁症状和社交、身体和总焦虑症状增加的因素，而关系导向的同伴侵害则特异性地预测抑郁症状。情感忽视并没有预测抑郁或焦虑症状的增加。此外，无望感中介了情绪虐待与抑郁症状和社交焦虑症状增加之间的关系。这些发现表明，情绪虐待和关系导向的同伴侵害是与青少年内化症状发展相关的人际应激源，而无望感可能是情绪虐待导致抑郁和社交焦虑风险增加的一个机制。
