Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
Environ Sci Technol. 2013 May 7;47(9):4449-54. doi: 10.1021/es400032v. Epub 2013 Apr 8.
With the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, the use of new and alternate flame retardants has been increasing. 2,2-bis(chloromethyl)propane-1,3-diyltetrakis(2-chloroethyl) bisphosphate, known as V6, is a flame retardant applied to polyurethane foam commonly found in furniture and automobile foam. However, to the authors' knowledge, no research has been conducted on V6 levels in the environment. The intention of this study was to measure the concentration of V6 in foam collected from baby products where it was recently detected and measure levels in dust samples collected from homes and automobiles in the Boston, MA area. To accomplish this, a pure V6 commercial standard was purchased from a Chinese manufacturer and purified (>98%). An analytical method to measure V6 in dust samples using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) was developed. Extraction was conducted using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and extracts were purified using an ENVI-Florisil SPE column (500 mg, 3 mL). V6 was measured in foam samples collected from baby products with a concentration ranging from 24,500,000 to 59,500,000 ng/g of foam (n = 12, average ± sd: 46,500,000 ± 12,000,000 ng/g; i.e., on average, 4.6% of the foam mass was V6). V6 was also detected in 19 of 20 car dust samples and 14 of 20 house dust samples analyzed. The concentration of V6 in the house dust ranged from <5 ng/g to 1110 ng/g with a median of 12.5 ng/g, and <5 ng/g to 6160 ng/g in the car dust with a median of 103.0 ng/g. Concentrations in car dust were significantly higher than in the house dust potentially indicating higher use of V6 in automobiles compared to products found in the home. Furthermore, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), a known carcinogen, was found in the V6 commercial mixture (14% by weight) as an impurity and was consistently detected with V6 in the foam samples analyzed. A significant correlation was also observed between V6 and TCEP in the dust samples suggesting that the use of V6 is a significant source of TCEP in the indoor environment.
随着多溴联苯醚（PBDE）阻燃剂的逐步淘汰，新型和替代阻燃剂的使用不断增加。2,2-双（氯甲基）-1,3-丙二醇四（2-氯乙基）双磷酸酯，俗称 V6，是一种阻燃剂，常用于家具和汽车泡沫中的聚氨酯泡沫。然而，据作者所知，目前还没有关于环境中 V6 水平的研究。本研究的目的是测量最近在婴儿产品中检测到的 V6 在泡沫中的浓度，并测量马萨诸塞州波士顿地区家庭和汽车中采集的灰尘样本中的水平。为此，从一家中国制造商处购买了纯 V6 商业标准品，并对其进行了纯化（>98%）。开发了一种使用液相色谱串联质谱法（LC/MS-MS）测量灰尘样品中 V6 的分析方法。采用加速溶剂萃取（ASE）进行萃取，并用 ENVI-Florisil SPE 柱（500mg，3mL）进行净化。从婴儿产品中采集的泡沫样本中测量到 V6 的浓度范围为 24500000 至 59500000ng/g 的泡沫（n=12，平均值±sd：46500000±12000000ng/g；即，平均而言，泡沫质量的 4.6%是 V6）。在分析的 20 个汽车灰尘样本和 20 个房屋灰尘样本中，有 19 个和 14 个检测到了 V6。房屋灰尘中 V6 的浓度范围为<5ng/g 至 1110ng/g，中位数为 12.5ng/g，而汽车灰尘中的浓度范围为<5ng/g 至 6160ng/g，中位数为 103.0ng/g。汽车灰尘中的浓度明显高于房屋灰尘，这可能表明与家庭产品相比，汽车中 V6 的使用量更高。此外，在 V6 商业混合物（重量的 14%）中发现了作为杂质的三（2-氯乙基）磷酸酯（TCEP），这是一种已知的致癌物质，并在分析的泡沫样本中与 V6 一致检测到。在灰尘样本中还观察到 V6 和 TCEP 之间存在显著相关性，表明 V6 的使用是室内环境中 TCEP 的重要来源。
