Department of Physical Therapy, Health Science University, , Fujikawaguchiko-Town, Japan.
Br J Sports Med. 2014 Jun;48(11):919-23. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091875. Epub 2013 Apr 25.
BACKGROUND/AIM: During competitive diving, divers jump up from 1 to 3 m springboards or 5 to 10 m platforms and dive into the water. The impact forces are very large in the water entry phase, and, as such, microtraumatic injuries are common due to the tremendous physical stress placed on the diver. Low-back pain (LBP) is the most frequently reported symptom in divers. This study aimed to extract possible risk factors related to LBP from physical and technical characteristics in Japanese elite junior divers.
Eighty-three elite junior divers (42 men and 41 women) in Japan were included in this study. LBP was assessed by a questionnaire, interview and physical examination during a national training camp. Morphological data, physical fitness and diving skills were also evaluated. The factors related to LBP were extracted by using logistic-regression analysis and the forward-selection method (likelihood ratio).
A total of 37.3% (31 reports) of back pain occurred in the lumbar region. Shoulder flexibility (OR 0.919; 95% CI 0.851 to 0.992) and age (OR 0.441; 95% CI 0.239 to 0.814) were recognised as factors related to LBP in male-elite junior divers, whereas only age (OR 0.536; 95% CI 0.335 to 0.856) was a factor in female-elite junior divers.
Our results suggest that shoulder flexibility is important for preventing LBP in elite-male junior divers, since they require full shoulder flexion during the water entry phase. Limited shoulder flexibility could cause lumbar hyperextension when adjusting for the angle of water entry.
背景/目的：在竞技跳水运动中，运动员从 1 米至 3 米跳板或 5 米至 10 米跳台起跳，然后跳入水中。在入水阶段，运动员所承受的冲击力非常大，因此，由于巨大的物理压力，微创伤很常见。下背痛（LBP）是潜水员最常报告的症状。本研究旨在从日本优秀青少年潜水员的身体和技术特征中提取与 LBP 相关的可能危险因素。
本研究纳入了日本 83 名优秀青少年潜水员（男 42 名，女 41 名）。在全国训练营期间，通过问卷调查、访谈和体格检查评估 LBP。还评估了形态学数据、身体素质和潜水技能。使用逻辑回归分析和向前选择法（似然比）提取与 LBP 相关的因素。
共有 37.3%（31 例）的腰痛发生在腰部。在男性优秀青少年潜水员中，肩部柔韧性（OR 0.919；95%CI 0.851 至 0.992）和年龄（OR 0.441；95%CI 0.239 至 0.814）被认为是与 LBP 相关的因素，而在女性优秀青少年潜水员中，只有年龄（OR 0.536；95%CI 0.335 至 0.856）是一个相关因素。
我们的研究结果表明，肩部柔韧性对于预防优秀男性青少年潜水员的 LBP 很重要，因为他们在入水阶段需要充分的肩部弯曲。当调整入水角度时，有限的肩部柔韧性可能导致腰椎过度伸展。
