Newman M A
School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
J Prof Nurs. 1990 May-Jun;6(3):167-73. doi: 10.1016/s8755-7223(05)80148-6.
A review of nursing practice demonstrates repeated attempts to focus on direct professional responsibility to clients, but failure to do so consistently in an effective professional model. The cycles of growth of the profession depict the long-standing subordination of nursing to hospital administration and medicine and suggest that nursing is ready to move into an integrative, collaborative stage of development. A trilevel model of professional practice is proposed, based on differentiated roles for graduate, baccalaureate, and associate degree levels of education. An organizational structure that places nursing clinicians directly responsible to clients would facilitate nursing's response to clients' health concerns whenever and wherever they occur.
对护理实践的回顾表明，人们反复尝试将重点放在对患者的直接专业责任上，但在有效的专业模式中却未能始终如一地做到这一点。该专业的发展周期表明，护理长期以来从属于医院管理和医学，并表明护理已准备好进入一个综合、协作的发展阶段。基于研究生、本科和副学士学位教育水平的不同角色，提出了一个三级专业实践模式。一种让护理临床医生直接对患者负责的组织结构，将有助于护理人员随时随地回应患者的健康问题。
