Cameron Linda D, Pepper Jessica K, Brewer Noel T
Psychological Sciences, School of Social Science, Humanities, and the Arts, University of California, Merced. California, USA.
Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
Tob Control. 2015 Mar;24(e1):e14-22. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050645. Epub 2013 Apr 26.
In 2010, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) proposed a series of 36 graphic warning labels for cigarette packages. We sought to evaluate the effects of the labels on fear-related emotions about health consequences of smoking and smoking motivations of young adults.
We conducted an experimental study in 2010-2011 with 325 smokers and non-smokers ages 18-30 years whom we recruited through community distribution lists in North Carolina and through a national survey company. Each participant viewed 27 labels (18 of the proposed labels with graphic images and text warnings and 9 with text-only warnings) in a random order, evaluating each label on understandability and its effects on fear-related reactions and discouragement from wanting to smoke.
Respondents found most of the proposed labels easy to understand. Of the 36 labels, 64% induced greater fear-related reactions and 58% discouraged respondents from wanting to smoke more than the corresponding text-only labels did. Labels with the greatest effects had photographs (as compared with drawings or other art graphics) or depicted diseased body parts or suffering or dead people. In almost every comparison, smokers reported lower fear-related reactions and feeling less discouraged from wanting to smoke relative to non-smokers.
Most of the proposed labels enhanced fear-related reactions about health consequences of smoking and reduced motivations to smoke relative to text-only labels, although some had larger effects than others. All but one of the nine warning labels recently adopted by the FDA enhanced fear-related reactions and reduced smoking motivations.
2010年，美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）提议在香烟包装上使用一系列36种图文警示标签。我们试图评估这些标签对年轻人与吸烟健康后果相关的恐惧情绪以及吸烟动机的影响。
2010年至2011年，我们进行了一项实验研究，通过北卡罗来纳州的社区分发名单和一家全国性调查公司招募了325名年龄在18至30岁之间的吸烟者和非吸烟者。每位参与者以随机顺序查看27种标签（18种带有图形图像和文字警告的提议标签以及9种仅带有文字警告的标签），并对每个标签的可理解性及其对与恐惧相关反应的影响以及抑制吸烟欲望的效果进行评估。
受访者发现大多数提议的标签易于理解。在这36种标签中，64%引发的与恐惧相关的反应比相应的仅文字标签更强烈，58%比仅文字标签更能抑制受访者的吸烟欲望。效果最显著的标签有照片（与图画或其他艺术图形相比），或描绘了患病的身体部位、痛苦或死亡的人。在几乎每一项比较中，吸烟者报告的与恐惧相关的反应较低，并且相对于非吸烟者而言，抑制吸烟欲望的感觉也较弱。
相对于仅文字标签而言，大多数提议的标签增强了对吸烟健康后果的与恐惧相关的反应，并降低了吸烟动机，尽管有些标签的效果比其他标签更大。FDA最近采用的9种警告标签中，除一种外，其他所有标签都增强了与恐惧相关的反应并降低了吸烟动机。
