Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551-9900, USA.
Health Phys. 2013 Jun;104(6):563-70. doi: 10.1097/HP.0b013e31828cfb46.
The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is the world's largest and most energetic laser system. The facility has the potential to generate ionizing radiation due to the interaction between the laser beams and target material, with neutrons and gamma rays being produced during deuterium-tritium fusion reactions. To perform these experiments, several types of hazards must be mitigated and controlled to ensure personnel safety. NIF uses a real-time safety system to monitor and mitigate the hazards presented by the facility. The NIF facility Safety Interlock System (SIS) monitors for oxygen deficiency and controls access to the facility preventing exposure to laser light and radiation from the Radiation Generating Devices. It also interfaces to radiation monitoring and other radiological monitoring and alarm systems. The SIS controls permissives to the hazard-generating equipment and annunciates hazard levels in the facility. To do this reliably and safely, the SIS has been designed as a fail-safe system with a proven performance record now spanning over 10 y. This paper discusses the SIS, its design, implementation, operator interfaces, validation/verification, and the hazard mitigation approaches employed in the NIF. A brief discussion of the Failure Modes and Effect Analysis supporting the SIS will also be presented. The paper ends with a general discussion of SIS do's and don'ts and common design flaws that should be avoided in SIS design.
国家点火装置（NIF）是世界上最大、能量最高的激光系统。由于激光束与靶材料的相互作用，该设施有可能产生致电离辐射，氘-氚聚变反应会产生中子和伽马射线。为了进行这些实验，必须减轻和控制几种类型的危害，以确保人员安全。NIF 使用实时安全系统来监测和减轻设施带来的危害。NIF 设施安全互锁系统（SIS）监测缺氧情况，并控制进入设施的通道，防止人员暴露于激光和辐射产生设备的辐射中。它还与辐射监测以及其他放射性监测和报警系统接口。SIS 控制产生危害的设备的许可，并在设施中发出危害级别警报。为了可靠和安全地实现这一目标，SIS 已被设计为故障安全系统，具有经过验证的性能记录，现已超过 10 年。本文讨论了 SIS 的设计、实现、操作员接口、验证/确认以及在 NIF 中采用的危害缓解方法。还将简要讨论支持 SIS 的故障模式和影响分析。本文最后对 SIS 的注意事项和常见设计缺陷进行了一般性讨论，这些缺陷在 SIS 设计中应避免。
