Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551-9900, USA.
Health Phys. 2013 Jun;104(6):611-22. doi: 10.1097/HP.0b013e31828d2e7d.
The National Ignition Facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is the world's largest and most energetic laser system for inertial confinement fusion and experiments studying high energy density science. Many experiments performed at the National Ignition Facility involve radioactive materials; these may take the form of tritium and small quantities of depleted uranium used in targets, activation products created by neutron-producing fusion experiments, and fission products produced by the fast fissioning of the depleted uranium. While planning for the introduction of radioactive material, it was recognized that some of the standard institutional processes would need to be customized to accommodate aspects of NIF operations, such as surface contamination limits, radiological postings, airborne tritium monitoring protocols, and personnel protective equipment. These customizations were overlaid onto existing work practices to accommodate the new hazard of radioactive materials. This paper will discuss preparations that were made prior to the introduction of radioactive material, the types of radiological work activities performed, and the hazards and controls encountered. Updates to processes based on actual monitoring results are also discussed.
劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室的国家点火装置是世界上最大、能量最高的惯性约束聚变激光系统，也是进行高能量密度科学实验的场所。国家点火装置进行的许多实验都涉及放射性材料；这些材料可能以氚和少量用于靶的贫铀的形式存在，也可能以产生中子的聚变实验产生的活化产物，以及贫铀快速裂变产生的裂变产物的形式存在。在计划引入放射性物质时，人们认识到需要对一些标准的机构流程进行定制，以适应 NIF 操作的某些方面，例如表面污染限值、放射性张贴、空气传播氚监测协议和人员防护设备。这些定制被叠加到现有的工作实践中，以适应放射性物质的新危害。本文将讨论在引入放射性物质之前所做的准备工作、所进行的放射性工作活动的类型，以及遇到的危害和控制措施。还讨论了基于实际监测结果的流程更新。
