Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota.
Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2013 Apr;19(2):131-142. doi: 10.1037/a0031547.
Many ethnic minorities in the United States consider themselves to be just as American as their European American counterparts. However, there is a persistent cultural stereotype of ethnic minorities as foreigners (i.e., the perpetual foreigner stereotype) that may be expressed during interpersonal interactions (i.e., foreigner objectification). The goal of the present study was to validate the Foreigner Objectification Scale, a brief self-report measure of perceived foreigner objectification, and to examine the psychological correlates of perceived foreigner objectification. Results indicated that the Foreigner Objectification Scale is structurally (i.e., factor structure) and metrically (i.e., factor loadings) invariant across foreign-born and U.S.-born Asian Americans and Latinos. Scalar (i.e., latent item intercepts) invariance was demonstrated for the two foreign-born groups and the two U.S.-born groups, but not across foreign-born and U.S.-born individuals. Multiple-group structural equation models indicated that, among U.S.-born individuals, perceived foreigner objectification was associated with less life satisfaction and more depressive symptoms, and was indirectly associated with lower self-esteem via identity denial, operationalized as the perception that one is not viewed by others as American. Among foreign-born individuals, perceived foreigner objectification was not significantly associated directly with self-esteem, life satisfaction, or depressive symptoms. However, perceived foreigner objectification was positively associated with identity denial, and identity denial was negatively associated with life satisfaction. This study illustrates the relevance of perceived foreigner objectification to the psychological well-being of U.S.-born Asian Americans and Latinos.
许多美国少数民族认为自己和欧洲裔美国人一样是美国人。然而，少数民族一直被视为外国人（即永久外国人刻板印象），这种刻板印象可能会在人际互动中表现出来（即外国人客观化）。本研究的目的是验证外国人客观化量表，这是一种衡量感知外国人客观化的简短自我报告测量工具，并探讨感知外国人客观化的心理关联。结果表明，外国人客观化量表在出生于外国和出生于美国的亚裔美国人和拉丁裔美国人中具有结构（即因素结构）和度量不变性（即因子负荷）。对于两个出生于外国的群体和两个出生于美国的群体，展示了标量不变性（即潜在项目截距），但不是跨越出生于外国和出生于美国的个体。多组结构方程模型表明，在美国出生的个体中，感知外国人客观化与生活满意度较低和抑郁症状较多有关，并且通过身份否认（即认为自己不被他人视为美国人）与较低的自尊间接相关，自尊是自我概念的重要方面。在出生于外国的个体中，感知外国人客观化与自尊、生活满意度或抑郁症状没有直接显著关联。然而，感知外国人客观化与身份否认呈正相关，身份否认与生活满意度呈负相关。这项研究说明了感知外国人客观化对出生于美国的亚裔美国人和拉丁裔美国人的心理健康的相关性。
