Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str, 24/25, 14476, Potsdam, OT Golm, Germany.
Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2013 May 17;7(1):16. doi: 10.1186/1753-2000-7-16.
Appearance-related social pressure plays an important role in the development of a negative body image and self-esteem as well as severe mental disorders during adolescence (e.g. eating disorders, depression). Identifying who is particularly affected by social pressure can improve targeted prevention and intervention, but findings have either been lacking or controversial. Thus the aim of this study is to provide a detailed picture of gender, weight, and age-related variations in the perception of appearance-related social pressure by peers and parents.
1112 German students between grades 7 and 9 (mean age: M = 13.38, SD = .81) filled in the Appearance-Related Social Pressure Questionnaire (German: FASD), which considers different sources (peers, parents) as well as various kinds of social pressure (e.g. teasing, modeling, encouragement).
Girls were more affected by peer pressure, while gender differences in parental pressure seemed negligible. Main effects of grade-level suggested a particular increase in indirect peer pressure (e.g. appearance-related school and class norms) from early to middle adolescence. Boys and girls with higher BMI were particularly affected by peer teasing and exclusion as well as by parental encouragement to control weight and shape.
The results suggest that preventive efforts targeting body concerns and disordered eating should bring up the topic of appearance pressure in a school-based context and should strengthen those adolescents who are particularly at risk - in our study, girls and adolescents with higher weight status. Early adolescence and school transition appear to be crucial periods for these efforts. Moreover, the comprehensive assessment of appearance-related social pressure appears to be a fruitful way to further explore social risk-factors in the development of a negative body image.
外貌相关的社会压力在外貌相关的身体意象和自尊的发展中起着重要作用，也会导致青少年时期出现严重的精神障碍（如饮食失调、抑郁）。确定哪些人特别容易受到社会压力的影响，可以改善有针对性的预防和干预措施，但目前的研究结果要么缺乏，要么存在争议。因此，本研究的目的是详细描述性别、体重和年龄与同龄人及父母对与外貌相关的社会压力的感知之间的关系。
1112 名德国 7 至 9 年级的学生（平均年龄：M = 13.38，SD =.81）填写了外貌相关社会压力问卷（德语：FASD），该问卷考虑了不同的来源（同龄人、父母）和各种形式的社会压力（如嘲笑、模仿、鼓励）。
女孩受到同伴压力的影响更大，而父母压力的性别差异则微不足道。年级水平的主要效应表明，从中年级到青春期早期，间接的同伴压力（如与外貌相关的学校和班级规范）特别增加。BMI 较高的男孩和女孩特别受到同伴的嘲笑和排斥，以及父母鼓励控制体重和体型的影响。
研究结果表明，针对身体关注和饮食失调的预防措施应在学校环境中提出外貌压力的问题，并应加强那些特别处于风险之中的青少年——在我们的研究中，是女孩和体重较高的青少年。青春期早期和学校过渡时期似乎是这些努力的关键时期。此外，对外貌相关社会压力的综合评估似乎是进一步探索消极身体意象发展中社会风险因素的有效途径。
