Breen Michael S, Schultz Bradley D, Sohn Michael D, Long Thomas, Langstaff John, Williams Ronald, Isaacs Kristin, Meng Qing Yu, Stallings Casson, Smith Luther
National Exposure Research Laboratory, Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
Department of Energy Analysis and Environment Impacts, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2014 Nov;24(6):555-63. doi: 10.1038/jes.2013.30. Epub 2013 May 29.
A critical aspect of air pollution exposure assessments is estimation of the air exchange rate (AER) for various buildings where people spend their time. The AER, which is the rate of exchange of indoor air with outdoor air, is an important determinant for entry of outdoor air pollutants and for removal of indoor-emitted air pollutants. This paper presents an overview and critical analysis of the scientific literature on empirical and physically based AER models for residential and commercial buildings; the models highlighted here are feasible for exposure assessments as extensive inputs are not required. Models are included for the three types of airflows that can occur across building envelopes: leakage, natural ventilation, and mechanical ventilation. Guidance is provided to select the preferable AER model based on available data, desired temporal resolution, types of airflows, and types of buildings included in the exposure assessment. For exposure assessments with some limited building leakage or AER measurements, strategies are described to reduce AER model uncertainty. This review will facilitate the selection of AER models in support of air pollution exposure assessments.
空气污染暴露评估的一个关键方面是估算人们在其中度过时间的各类建筑物的空气交换率（AER）。空气交换率是室内空气与室外空气的交换速率，是室外空气污染物进入以及室内排放的空气污染物去除的重要决定因素。本文概述并批判性分析了关于住宅和商业建筑基于经验和物理的空气交换率模型的科学文献；此处重点介绍的模型对于暴露评估是可行的，因为不需要大量输入数据。模型涵盖了可能穿过建筑围护结构的三种气流类型：渗漏、自然通风和机械通风。根据可用数据、所需的时间分辨率、气流类型以及暴露评估中包含的建筑类型，提供了选择更优空气交换率模型的指导。对于有一些有限的建筑渗漏或空气交换率测量数据的暴露评估，描述了降低空气交换率模型不确定性的策略。本综述将有助于选择空气交换率模型以支持空气污染暴露评估。
