School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48108, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012 Dec 12;9(12):4639-61. doi: 10.3390/ijerph9124639.
Air change rates (ACRs) and interzonal flows are key determinants of indoor air quality (IAQ) and building energy use. This paper characterizes ACRs and interzonal flows in 126 houses, and evaluates effects of these parameters on IAQ. ACRs measured using weeklong tracer measurements in several seasons averaged 0.73 ± 0.76 h(-1) (median = 0.57 h(-1), n = 263) in the general living area, and much higher, 1.66 ± 1.50 h(-1) (median = 1.23 h(-1), n = 253) in bedrooms. Living area ACRs were highest in winter and lowest in spring; bedroom ACRs were highest in summer and lowest in spring. Bedrooms received an average of 55 ± 18% of air from elsewhere in the house; the living area received only 26 ± 20% from the bedroom. Interzonal flows did not depend on season, indoor smoking or the presence of air conditioners. A two-zone IAQ model calibrated for the field study showed large differences in pollutant levels between the living area and bedroom, and the key parameters affecting IAQ were emission rates, emission source locations, air filter use, ACRs, interzonal flows, outdoor concentrations, and PM penetration factors. The single-zone models that are commonly used for residences have substantial limitations and may inadequately represent pollutant concentrations and exposures in bedrooms and potentially other environments other where people spend a substantial fraction of time.
空气交换率（ACRs）和区域间气流是室内空气质量（IAQ）和建筑能耗的关键决定因素。本文描述了 126 所房屋中的 ACRs 和区域间气流，并评估了这些参数对 IAQ 的影响。在多个季节使用长达一周的示踪剂测量来测量 ACRs，在一般起居区的平均值为 0.73±0.76 h(-1)（中位数=0.57 h(-1)，n=263），而在卧室中则高得多，为 1.66±1.50 h(-1)（中位数=1.23 h(-1)，n=253）。起居区的 ACRs 在冬季最高，在春季最低；卧室的 ACRs 在夏季最高，在春季最低。卧室平均从房屋的其他地方获得 55±18%的空气；起居区仅从卧室获得 26±20%的空气。区域间气流不取决于季节、室内吸烟或空调的存在。为实地研究校准的两区域 IAQ 模型显示出起居区和卧室之间污染物水平的巨大差异，影响 IAQ 的关键参数是排放率、排放源位置、空气滤清器使用、ACRs、区域间气流、室外浓度和 PM 穿透因子。住宅中常用的单区域模型存在很大的局限性，可能无法充分代表卧室和其他人们花费大量时间的潜在环境中的污染物浓度和暴露。
