SpertLab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Technical University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, 1495-688 Cruz Quebrada, Lisbon, Portugal.
J Hum Kinet. 2013 Mar 28;36:97-106. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2013-0010. Print 2013 Mar.
The present study aimed to analyze the interaction and main effects of deliberate practice experience and small-sided game format (3 vs. 3 and 6 vs. 6 plus goalkeepers) on the offensive performance of young soccer players. Twenty-eight U-15 male players were divided into 2 groups according to their deliberate practice experience in soccer (i.e., years of experience in federation soccer): Non-Experienced (age: 12.84 ± 0.63 years) and Experienced (age: 12.91 ± 0.59 years; experience: 3.93 ± 1.00 years). The experimental protocol consisted of 3 independent sessions separated by one-week intervals. In each session both groups performed each small-sided game during 10 minutes interspersed with 5 minutes of passive recovery. To characterize the recorded offensive sequences we used the Offensive Sequences Characterization System, which includes performance indicators previous applied in other studies. No interaction effects on the offensive performance were found between both factors. Non-parametric MANOVA revealed that the factor "experience level" had a significant effect (p<0.05) on performance indicators that characterize the development of offensive sequences, especially in 6 vs. 6 + GKs. While experienced players produced longer offensive sequences with greater ball circulation between them, the non-experienced participants performed faster offensive sequences with a predominance of individual actions. Furthermore, significant differences were observed (p<0.05) in the development and finalization of offensive sequences within each group, when comparing small-sided game formats. Evidence supports that small-sided games can serve several purposes as specific means of training. However, the manipulation of game format should always consider the players' individual constraints.
本研究旨在分析刻意练习经验和小场比赛形式（3 对 3 和 6 对 6 加守门员）对年轻足球运动员进攻表现的交互作用和主要影响。28 名 U-15 男运动员根据他们在足球方面的刻意练习经验（即参加联合会足球的年限）分为两组：无经验组（年龄：12.84 ± 0.63 岁）和有经验组（年龄：12.91 ± 0.59 岁；经验：3.93 ± 1.00 年）。实验方案包括 3 个独立的会议，间隔一周。在每个会议中，两组都在 10 分钟的小场比赛中进行，每 5 分钟进行一次被动恢复。为了描述记录的进攻序列，我们使用了进攻序列特征系统，其中包括之前在其他研究中应用的表现指标。在进攻表现方面，两个因素之间没有发现交互作用。非参数 MANOVA 表明，“经验水平”因素对特征进攻序列发展的表现指标有显著影响（p<0.05），尤其是在 6 对 6+GK 中。有经验的球员在进攻中创造了更长的进攻序列，球在他们之间的循环也更多，而无经验的参与者则以个人行动为主，更快地完成了进攻序列。此外，在每组中，当比较小场比赛形式时，观察到进攻序列的发展和完成方面存在显著差异（p<0.05）。有证据表明，小场比赛可以作为特定的训练手段，满足多种目的。然而，比赛形式的操纵应始终考虑到球员的个体限制。
