University of Bern, Switzerland.
Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2013 Nov;5(3):311-31. doi: 10.1111/aphw.12012. Epub 2013 Jun 6.
Previous research has focused on the positive consequences of flow, an intrinsically rewarding state of deep absorption. In contrast, the present research links flow to impaired risk awareness and to risky behaviour. We expected flow to enhance self-efficacy beliefs, which in turn were hypothesised to result in low risk awareness and risky behaviour in sports. In addition, we predicted that individuals' level of experience in the activity would moderate the expected effects.
One study with kayakers (Study 1) and two studies with rock climbers (Studies 2 and 3) were conducted. Kayakers completed a survey while still on the river; climbers responded during and upon completion of a climb.
In all studies flow was related to risk awareness. Study 2 additionally showed its association with risky behaviour. Studies 2 and 3 revealed that these relationships were mediated by self-efficacy. The mediations were moderated by level of experience (Study 3).
The results indicated that inexperienced but not experienced participants respond to self-efficacy beliefs evoked by flow with impaired risk awareness and with risky behaviour. Theoretical implications for flow and risk research as well as practical implications for risk prevention are discussed.
以往的研究主要集中在流的积极后果上，流是一种深度沉浸的内在奖励状态。相比之下，本研究将流与风险意识受损和冒险行为联系起来。我们预计流会增强自我效能感，而自我效能感又会导致运动中的低风险意识和冒险行为。此外，我们预测个体在活动中的经验水平会调节预期的效果。
进行了一项皮划艇研究（研究 1）和两项攀岩研究（研究 2 和研究 3）。皮划艇运动员在河中完成了一项调查；攀岩者在攀爬过程中和完成后做出了回应。
在所有研究中，流与风险意识有关。研究 2 还表明，流与冒险行为有关。研究 2 和研究 3 表明，这些关系是由自我效能感介导的。经验水平（研究 3）调节了这些中介作用。
结果表明，经验不足的参与者而非经验丰富的参与者会对由流引起的自我效能感产生反应，表现为风险意识受损和冒险行为。讨论了流和风险研究的理论意义以及风险预防的实际意义。
