Section of Neuroscience Systems, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
JAMA Psychiatry. 2013 Aug;70(8):847-56. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.44.
Higher rates of substance use and dependence have been observed in the offspring of mothers who smoked during pregnancy. Animal studies indicate that prenatal exposure to nicotine alters the development of brain areas related to reward processing, which might be a risk factor for substance use and addiction later in life. However, no study has examined the effect of maternal smoking on the offspring's brain response during reward processing.
To determine whether adolescents with prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking differ from their nonexposed peers in the response of the ventral striatum to the anticipation or the receipt of a reward.
An observational case-control study.
Data were obtained from the IMAGEN Study, a European multicenter study of impulsivity, reinforcement sensitivity, and emotional reactivity in adolescents. The IMAGEN sample consists of 2078 healthy adolescents (age range, 13-15 years) recruited from March 1, 2008, through December 31, 2011, in local schools.
We assessed an IMAGEN subsample of 177 adolescents with prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking and 177 nonexposed peers (age range, 13-15 years) matched by sex, maternal educational level, and imaging site.
Response to reward in the ventral striatum measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging.
In prenatally exposed adolescents, we observed a weaker response in the ventral striatum during reward anticipation (left side, F = 14.98 [P < .001]; right side, F = 15.95 [P < .001]) compared with their nonexposed peers. No differences were found regarding the responsivity of the ventral striatum to the receipt of a reward (left side, F = 0.21 [P = .65]; right side, F = 0.47 [P = .49]).
The weaker responsivity of the ventral striatum to reward anticipation in prenatally exposed adolescents may represent a risk factor for substance use and development of addiction later in life. This result highlights the need for education and preventive measures to reduce smoking during pregnancy. Future analyses should assess whether prenatally exposed adolescents develop an increased risk for substance use and addiction and which role the reported neuronal differences during reward anticipation plays in this development.
在母亲怀孕期间吸烟的子女中，观察到更高的物质使用和依赖率。动物研究表明，产前暴露于尼古丁会改变与奖励处理相关的大脑区域的发育，这可能是以后物质使用和成瘾的风险因素。然而，没有研究检查母亲吸烟对后代在奖励处理过程中大脑反应的影响。
确定在接受母亲香烟暴露的产前青少年与未暴露于产前的同龄人相比，其腹侧纹状体对奖励的预期或获得的反应是否存在差异。
一项观察性病例对照研究。
数据来自 IMAGEN 研究，该研究是一项关于青少年冲动性、强化敏感性和情绪反应的欧洲多中心研究。IMAGEN 样本由 2078 名健康青少年（年龄在 13-15 岁之间）组成，他们于 2008 年 3 月 1 日至 2011 年 12 月 31 日在当地学校招募。
我们评估了 IMAGEN 样本中 177 名产前暴露于母亲香烟的青少年和 177 名未暴露于产前的同龄人（年龄在 13-15 岁之间），这些人通过性别、母亲教育程度和成像部位进行匹配。
用功能磁共振成像测量腹侧纹状体对奖励的反应。
在产前暴露的青少年中，与未暴露的同龄人相比，我们观察到在奖励预期期间腹侧纹状体的反应较弱（左侧，F=14.98[P<0.001]；右侧，F=15.95[P<0.001]）。在对奖励的反应方面，腹侧纹状体没有差异（左侧，F=0.21[P=0.65]；右侧，F=0.47[P=0.49]）。
产前暴露的青少年对奖励预期的腹侧纹状体反应较弱，可能是以后物质使用和成瘾发展的风险因素。这一结果强调了需要进行教育和预防措施，以减少怀孕期间的吸烟。未来的分析应评估产前暴露的青少年是否会增加物质使用和成瘾的风险，以及报告的奖励预期期间的神经元差异在这一发展中扮演的角色。
