Crook Stephen R, Evans Gary W
Cornell University.
Child Dev. 2014 Mar-Apr;85(2):405-11. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12129. Epub 2013 Jul 1.
The pervasive income-achievement gap has been attributed in part to deficiencies in executive functioning (EF). The development of EF is related to children's planning ability, an aspect of development that has received little attention. Longitudinal data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development study of early child care show that early childhood poverty (1 and 24 months) is significantly related to fifth grade, math, and reading achievement (n = 1,009). The ability to plan in Grade 3, indexed by the Tower of Hanoi task, mediates the income-achievement gap in math and to a lesser extent in reading. IQ was incorporated as a statistical control throughout.
普遍存在的收入成就差距部分归因于执行功能（EF）的缺陷。执行功能的发展与儿童的计划能力有关，而这一发展方面很少受到关注。美国国立儿童健康与人类发展研究所早期儿童保育研究的纵向数据表明，幼儿期贫困（1个月和24个月时）与五年级的数学和阅读成绩显著相关（n = 1009）。以河内塔任务为指标的三年级计划能力，在数学方面介导了收入成就差距，在阅读方面的介导作用较小。在整个过程中，智商作为统计控制因素纳入分析。
