Analytic, Computational, and Approximate Forms for Ratios of Noncentral and Central Gaussian Quadratic Forms.

Many useful statistics equal the ratio of a possibly noncentral chi-square to a quadratic form in Gaussian variables with all positive weights. Expressing the density and distribution function as positively weighted sums of corresponding functions has many advantages. The mixture forms have analytic value when embedded within a more complex problem. The mixture forms also have computational value. The expansions work well with quadratic forms having few components and small degrees of freedom. A more general algorithm from earlier literature can take longer or fail to converge in the same setting. Many approximations have been suggested for the problem. a positively weighted noncentral quadratic form can always have two moments matched to a noncentral chi-square. For a single quadratic form, the noncentral form performs neither uniformly more or less accurately than older approximations. The approach also gives a noncentral approximation for any ratio of a positively weighted noncentral form to a positively weighted central quadratic form. The method provides better accuracy for noncentral ratios than approximations based on a single chi-square. The accuracy suffices for many practical applications, such as power analysis, even with few degrees of freedom. Naturally the approximation proves much faster and simpler to compute than any exact method. Embedding the approximation in analytic expressions provides simple forms which correctly guarantee only positive values have nonzero probabilities, and also automatically reduce to partially or fully exact results when either quadratic form has only one term.