University of Missouri, Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2013 Aug;16(4):457-63. doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.07.001. Epub 2013 Jul 23.
Sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) establish specialized feeding cells within roots to maintain long-term relationships with their hosts. However, feeding cells degenerate prematurely in plants that harbor resistance (R) genes against these parasites reducing their life span and ability to reproduce. Recognition of the nematode, mediated directly or indirectly by plant R proteins, occurs via nematode secreted effectors and evokes a resistance response, which is referred to as effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Recent breakthroughs in nematode effector biology shed new light on key players mediating ETI and have identified those involved in plant defense suppression as novel targets for engineering resistance in transgenic plants. Advances in plant genetics and genomics has facilitated the discovery of R genes to nematodes. Nevertheless, underlying resistance mechanisms remain poorly understood and are confounded by recently identified R genes that do not fit previously proposed paradigms. Thus, there is still much to be learned about how plants fight off underground attacks from PPNs. In coming years, we can expect breakthroughs in our understanding of the nature and mechanisms of plant resistance and nematode virulence as we explore these novel R genes.
固着性植物寄生线虫（PPNs）在根系内建立专门的取食细胞，以维持与宿主的长期关系。然而，在携带针对这些寄生虫的抗性（R）基因的植物中，取食细胞会过早退化，从而降低其寿命和繁殖能力。线虫通过植物 R 蛋白直接或间接介导的识别，通过线虫分泌的效应子发生，并引发抗性反应，这被称为效应子触发的免疫（ETI）。线虫效应子生物学的最新突破为介导 ETI 的关键因子提供了新的认识，并确定了参与植物防御抑制的因子作为转基因植物中工程抗性的新靶标。植物遗传学和基因组学的进展促进了对植物抗线虫 R 基因的发现。然而，潜在的抗性机制仍知之甚少，并且最近发现的 R 基因与之前提出的模式不符，这使得抗性机制更加复杂。因此，我们仍然需要了解植物如何抵御 PPN 对地下的攻击。在未来几年，随着我们对这些新型 R 基因的探索，我们有望在理解植物抗性和线虫毒力的本质和机制方面取得突破。
