Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA.
Immunol Rev. 2013 Sep;255(1):13-24. doi: 10.1111/imr.12089.
Nucleotide oligomerization and binding domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are a major constituent of the cytosolic innate immune-sensing machinery and participate in a wide array of pathways including nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), inflammasome, and type I interferon (IFN) signaling. NLRs have known roles in autoimmune, autoinflammatory, and infectious diseases. With respect to virus infection, NLRP3 is the most extensively studied NLR, including mechanisms of activation and inhibition. Furthermore, the importance of NLRP3 in both innate and adaptive immunity has been demonstrated. In comparison to NLRP3, the roles of other NLRs during virus infection are only just emerging. NLRC2 is an important activator of innate antiviral signaling and was recently found to mitigate inflammation during virus infection through autophagy. Finally, functions for NLRX1 in immune modulation and reactive oxygen species production require further examination and the importance of NLRC5 as a transactivator of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and antigen presentation is currently developing. In this review, we discuss current knowledge pertaining to viruses and NLRs as well as areas of potential research, which will help advance the study of NLR biology during virus infection.
核苷酸寡聚化和结合域 (NOD)-样受体 (NLRs) 是细胞溶质先天免疫感应机制的主要组成部分，参与包括核因子 κB (NF-κB)、丝裂原激活蛋白激酶 (MAPK)、炎性体和 I 型干扰素 (IFN) 信号在内的广泛途径。NLRs 在自身免疫、自身炎症和感染性疾病中具有已知作用。就病毒感染而言，NLRP3 是研究最广泛的 NLR，包括激活和抑制机制。此外，NLRP3 在先天和适应性免疫中的重要性已得到证实。与 NLRP3 相比，其他 NLR 在病毒感染期间的作用才刚刚出现。NLRC2 是先天抗病毒信号的重要激活剂，最近发现它通过自噬减轻病毒感染期间的炎症。最后，NLRX1 在免疫调节和活性氧产生中的功能需要进一步检查，NLRC5 作为主要组织相容性复合体 (MHC) 类 I 和抗原呈递的转激活因子的重要性目前正在发展。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了与病毒和 NLR 相关的现有知识以及潜在的研究领域，这将有助于推进病毒感染期间 NLR 生物学的研究。
