Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, University of Idaho, PO Box 442334, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA.
Environ Manage. 2013 Oct;52(4):917-28. doi: 10.1007/s00267-013-0143-4. Epub 2013 Aug 22.
Yellowstone National Park visitor data were obtained from a survey collected for the National Park Service by the Park Studies Unit at the University of Idaho. Travel cost models have been conducted for national parks in the United States; however, this study builds on these studies and investigates how benefits vary by types of visitors who participate in different activities while at the park. Visitor clusters were developed based on activities in which a visitor participated while at the park. The clusters were analyzed and then incorporated into a travel cost model to determine the economic value (consumer surplus) that the different visitor groups received from visiting the park. The model was estimated using a zero-truncated negative binomial regression corrected for endogenous stratification. The travel cost price variable was estimated using both 1/3 and 1/4 the wage rate to test for sensitivity to opportunity cost specification. The average benefit across all visitor cluster groups was estimated at between $235 and $276 per person per trip. However, per trip benefits varied substantially across clusters; from $90 to $103 for the "value picnickers," to $185-$263 for the "backcountry enthusiasts," $189-$278 for the "do it all adventurists," $204-$303 for the "windshield tourists," and $323-$714 for the "creature comfort" cluster group.
黄石国家公园的游客数据来自爱达荷大学公园研究单位为国家公园管理局进行的一项调查。美国已经对国家公园进行了旅游成本模型研究；然而，本研究在此基础上进行，调查了在公园参与不同活动的游客类型的收益如何不同。根据游客在公园参与的活动，对游客群体进行了聚类分析。对这些集群进行了分析，然后将其纳入旅游成本模型，以确定不同游客群体在参观公园时获得的经济价值（消费者剩余）。该模型使用零截断负二项回归进行了估计，以校正内生分层。使用工资率的 1/3 和 1/4 来估计旅游成本价格变量，以检验机会成本规范的敏感性。所有游客群体的平均收益估计为每人每次旅行 235 至 276 美元。然而，各集群之间的单次旅行收益差异很大；“价值野餐者”的收益在 90 至 103 美元之间，“偏远地区爱好者”的收益在 185 至 263 美元之间，“全方位探险者”的收益在 189 至 278 美元之间，“挡风玻璃游客”的收益在 204 至 303 美元之间，“舒适享受者”的收益在 323 至 714 美元之间。
