Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823; email:
Annu Rev Psychol. 2014;65:743-71. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115117. Epub 2013 Sep 11.
Humans share with other animals an ability to measure the passage of physical time and subjectively experience a sense of time passing. Subjective time has hallmark qualities, akin to other senses, which can be accounted for by formal, psychological, and neurobiological models of the internal clock. These include first-order principles, such as changes in clock speed and how temporal memories are stored, and second-order principles, including timescale invariance, multisensory integration, rhythmical structure, and attentional time-sharing. Within these principles there are both typical individual differences--influences of emotionality, thought speed, and psychoactive drugs--and atypical differences in individuals affected with certain clinical disorders (e.g., autism, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia). This review summarizes recent behavioral and neurobiological findings and provides a theoretical framework for considering how changes in the properties of the internal clock impact time perception and other psychological domains.
人类与其他动物一样，具有衡量物理时间流逝的能力，并能主观地体验时间流逝的感觉。主观时间具有标志性的特征，类似于其他感官，可以通过内部时钟的形式、心理和神经生物学模型来解释。这些模型包括一阶原则，例如时钟速度的变化以及时间记忆的存储方式，以及二阶原则，包括时间尺度不变性、多感觉整合、节奏结构和注意力时间共享。在这些原则中，既有典型的个体差异——情感、思维速度和精神活性药物的影响，也有某些临床障碍（如自闭症、帕金森病和精神分裂症）患者的非典型差异。这篇综述总结了最近的行为和神经生物学发现，并提供了一个理论框架，用于考虑内部时钟属性的变化如何影响时间感知和其他心理领域。
