Burnham J C
Department of History, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1367.
JAMA. 1990 Mar 9;263(10):1323-9.
Practically no historical accounts of the evolution of peer review exist. Biomedical journals appeared in the 19th century as personal organs, following the model of more general journalism. Journal editors viewed themselves primarily as educators. The practice of editorial peer reviewing did not become general until sometime after World War II. Contrary to common assumption, editorial peer review did not grow out of or interact with grant peer review. Editorial peer review procedures did not spread in an orderly way; they were not developed from editorial boards and passed on from journal to journal. Instead, casual referring out of articles on an individual basis may have occurred at any time, beginning in the early to mid-19th century. Institutionalization of the process, however, took place mostly in the 20th century, either to handle new problems in the numbers of articles submitted or to meet the demands for expert authority and objectivity in an increasingly specialized world.
几乎没有关于同行评审演变的历史记载。生物医学期刊在19世纪作为个人刊物出现，效仿了更广泛的新闻业模式。期刊编辑主要将自己视为教育者。编辑同行评审的做法直到第二次世界大战后的某个时候才变得普遍。与普遍看法相反，编辑同行评审并非源于资助同行评审，也与之没有互动。编辑同行评审程序并非以有序的方式传播；它们不是由编辑委员会发展而来并在期刊间传承的。相反，从19世纪早期到中期开始，可能随时会出现基于个人的随意外审文章的情况。然而，这一过程的制度化大多发生在20世纪，要么是为了解决提交文章数量方面的新问题，要么是为了满足在日益专业化的世界中对专家权威和客观性的要求。
