Department of Nutrition, Program in International and Community Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA.
J Nutr. 2013 Dec;143(12):2050-4. doi: 10.3945/jn.113.182527. Epub 2013 Oct 16.
Breast-fed infants and young children need complementary foods with a very high nutrient density (particularly for iron and zinc), especially at ages 6-12 mo. However, in low-income countries, their diet is usually dominated by cereal-based porridges with low nutrient density and poor mineral bioavailability. Complementary feeding diets typically fall short in iron and zinc and sometimes in other nutrients. These gaps in nutritional adequacy of infant diets have likely been a characteristic of human diets since the agricultural revolution ~10,000 y ago. Estimates of nutrient intakes before then, based on hypothetical diets of preagricultural humans, suggest that infants had much higher intakes of key nutrients than is true today and would have been able to meet their nutrient needs from the combination of breast milk and premasticated foods provided by their mothers. Strategies for achieving adequate nutrition for infants and young children in modern times must address the challenge of meeting nutrient needs from largely cereal-based diets.
母乳喂养的婴儿和幼儿需要营养密度非常高的补充食物（特别是铁和锌），尤其是在 6-12 个月大时。然而，在低收入国家，他们的饮食通常以谷物为主的粥为主，这些粥的营养密度低，矿物质生物利用度差。补充喂养的饮食通常在铁和锌方面以及有时在其他营养素方面存在不足。这些婴儿饮食中营养充足的差距可能自 1 万年前农业革命以来一直是人类饮食的特征。在此之前，基于对前农业人类假设饮食的估计，表明婴儿摄入的关键营养素比今天要高得多，并且能够通过母乳和母亲提供的预咀嚼食物的组合来满足其营养需求。在现代实现婴儿和幼儿充足营养的策略必须解决从以谷物为主的饮食中满足营养需求的挑战。
