Lockie Robert G, Murphy Aron J, Callaghan Samuel J, Jeffriess Matthew D
1Department of Exercise and Sport Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, Australia; and 2Department of Sports Studies, Exercise and Sports Science, and Clinical Exercise Physiology, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
J Strength Cond Res. 2014 Jul;28(7):1790-801. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000297.
The mechanisms for speed performance improvement from sprint training and plyometrics training, especially relating to stance kinetics, require investigation in field sport athletes. This study determined the effects of sprint training and plyometrics training on 10-m sprint time (0-5, 5-10, and 0-10 m intervals), step kinematics (step length and frequency, contact and flight time), and stance kinetics (first, second, and last contact relative vertical [VF, VI], horizontal [HF, HI], and resultant [RF, RI] force and impulse; resultant ground reaction force angle [RFθ]; ratio of horizontal to resultant force [RatF]) during a 10-m sprint. Sixteen male field sport athletes were allocated into sprint training (ST) and plyometrics training (PT) groups according to 10-m sprint time; independent samples t-tests (p ≤ 0.05) indicated no between-group differences. Training involved 2 sessions per week for 6 weeks. A repeated measures analysis of variance (p ≤ 0.05) determined within- and between-subject differences. Both groups decreased 0-5 and 0-10 m time. The ST group increased step length by ∼15%, which tended to be greater than step length gains for the PT group (∼7%). The ST group reduced first and second contact RFθ and RatF, and second contact HF. Second contact HI decreased for both groups. Results indicated a higher post-training emphasis on VF production. Vertical force changes were more pronounced for the PT group for the last contact, who increased or maintained last contact VI, RF, and RI to a greater extent than the ST group. Sprint and plyometrics training can improve acceleration, primarily through increased step length and a greater emphasis on VF.
短跑训练和增强式训练提高速度表现的机制，尤其是与站立动力学相关的机制，需要在田径运动员中进行研究。本研究确定了短跑训练和增强式训练对10米短跑时间（0至5米、5至10米和0至10米区间）、步幅运动学（步长和步频、触地时间和腾空时间）以及10米短跑期间站立动力学（第一次、第二次和最后一次触地时的相对垂直力[VF、VI]、水平力[HF、HI]和合力[RF、RI]及冲量；合力地面反作用力角度[RFθ]；水平力与合力之比[RatF]）的影响。16名男性田径运动员根据10米短跑时间被分为短跑训练（ST）组和增强式训练（PT）组；独立样本t检验（p≤0.05）表明两组之间无差异。训练每周进行2次，共6周。重复测量方差分析（p≤0.05）确定了受试者内和受试者间的差异。两组的0至5米和0至10米时间均缩短。ST组步长增加了约15%，这一增幅往往大于PT组（约7%）的步长增加幅度。ST组降低了第一次和第二次触地时的RFθ和RatF，以及第二次触地时的HF。两组的第二次触地时的HI均降低。结果表明训练后对垂直力产生的重视程度更高。PT组在最后一次触地时垂直力变化更为明显，该组最后一次触地时的VI、RF和RI增加或维持的程度均大于ST组。短跑和增强式训练可以提高加速度，主要是通过增加步长和更加强调垂直力来实现。
