Lin Gesheng, Chen Jiayong, Yan Ruixiang, Deng Beiwang, Song Wenfeng, Guan Bo, Sun Jian
School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, No.1268 Guangzhou Avenue Central, Tianhe District,Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
School of Wushu, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China.
Sports Med Open. 2025 Aug 21;11(1):97. doi: 10.1186/s40798-025-00907-9.
Plyometric training (PT) is widely used to enhance physical fitness in youth team sport athletes, but its effects may vary across maturation stages due to developmental differences. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the impact of PT on multiple physical fitness outcomes across different maturation stages in youth male team sport athletes.
A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus. Included studies were randomized controlled trials involving male youth team sport athletes (10-18 years) who underwent ≥ 4 weeks of bodyweight plyometric training compared to active controls, with outcomes related to physical fitness. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Effect sizes (Hedges'g) were calculated using a random-effects model with 95% confidence intervals and prediction intervals (PI). Egger's test and the trim-and-fill method were used to assess and adjust for publication bias. Subgroup analyses explored training-related moderators.
A total of 36 studies were included, involving 663 soccer players, 230 basketball players, 54 handball players, and 110 volleyball players. PT significantly improved CMJ in the overall group (ES = 0.74, 95% PI [- 0.29 to 1.78]) and in PRE (ES = 0.83, 95% PI [- 0.93 to 2.58]), MID (ES = 0.50, 95% PI [0.27 to 0.73]), and POST (ES = 1.05, 95% PI [- 0.25 to 2.35]). SLJ improved in the overall group (ES = 0.52, 95% PI [0.30 to 0.74]), PRE (ES = 0.53, 95% PI [0.21 to 0.85]), and POST (ES = 0.87, 95% PI [- 1.06 to 2.81]), but not in MID (P > 0.05). ≤ 10 m sprint improved in the overall group (ES = - 0.58, 95% PI [- 1.45 to 0.30]), PRE (ES = - 0.43, 95% PI [- 0.85 to - 0.02]), and POST (ES = - 1.31, 95% PI [- 2.66 to 0.04]), but not in MID (P > 0.05). > 10 m sprint improved in all groups: overall (ES = - 0.41, 95% PI [- 0.91 to 0.09]), PRE (ES = - 0.28, 95% PI [- 0.54 to - 0.01]), MID (ES = - 0.32, 95% PI [- 0.57 to - 0.07]), and POST (ES = - 1.16, 95% PI [- 3.38 to 1.05]). COD improved in the overall group (ES = - 0.84, 95% PI [- 1.76 to 0.08]), PRE (ES = - 0.80, 95% PI [- 1.89 to 0.29]), MID (ES = - 0.59, 95% PI [- 1.01 to - 0.17]), and POST (ES = - 1.52, 95% PI [- 3.10 to 0.05]). PT showed no significant effect on maximal dynamic strength (P > 0.05). Subgroup analyses showed that ≥ 16 PT sessions led to greater improvements in CMJ (ES = 1.08 vs. 0.35) and COD (ES = - 1.05 vs. - 0.59) performance in the overall group, and in CMJ in the POST stage (ES = 1.64 vs. 0.54), compared to ≤ 14 sessions. CMJ gains were also greater with ≥ 8 week interventions than with ≤ 7 weeks (ES = 1.00 vs. 0.43).
PT effectively improves physical fitness in youth male team sport athletes, except for maximal dynamic strength. The greatest gains were observed in the POST stage, while the MID stage showed the smallest gains in jump and COD, with no significant effects observed for SLJ and ≤ 10 m sprint. The ranges of all prediction intervals suggest a higher likelihood of positive effects in future studies. Considering that some prediction intervals were relatively wide and crossed zero, further research is needed to better identify and manage the variability in training adaptations, particularly during the POST stage. Additionally, PT programs with at least 16 sessions or lasting 8 weeks appear to be more effective.
增强式训练（PT）被广泛用于提高青少年团队运动运动员的身体素质，但其效果可能因发育差异在不同成熟阶段有所不同。本研究旨在全面评估PT对青年男性团队运动运动员不同成熟阶段多种身体素质指标的影响。
在PubMed、Web of Science、Scopus和SPORTDiscus数据库中进行系统检索。纳入的研究为随机对照试验，涉及10 - 18岁的男性青年团队运动运动员，他们接受了≥4周的自重增强式训练，并与积极对照组进行比较，研究结果与身体素质相关。使用PEDro量表评估方法学质量。效应量（Hedges'g）采用随机效应模型计算，95%置信区间和预测区间（PI）。使用Egger检验和修剪填充法评估和校正发表偏倚。亚组分析探讨了与训练相关的调节因素。
共纳入36项研究，涉及663名足球运动员、230名篮球运动员、54名手球运动员和110名排球运动员。PT在总体组中显著提高了纵跳高度（ES = 0.74，95% PI [-0.29至1.78]），在青春期前（ES = 0.83，95% PI [-0.93至2.58]）、青春期中期（ES = 0.50，95% PI [0.27至0.73]）和青春期后期（ES = 1.05，95% PI [-0.25至2.35]）也有提高。单脚跳在总体组（ES = 0.52，95% PI [0.30至0.74]）、青春期前（ES = 0.53，95% PI [0.21至0.85]）和青春期后期（ES = 0.87，95% PI [-1.06至2.81]）有所改善，但在青春期中期没有（P > 0.05）。≤10米短跑在总体组（ES = -0.58，95% PI [-1.45至0.30]）、青春期前（ES = -0.43，95% PI [-0.85至-0.02]）和青春期后期（ES = -1.31，95% PI [-2.66至0.04]）有所改善，但在青春期中期没有（P > 0.05）。>10米短跑在所有组中均有改善：总体（ES = -0.41，95% PI [-0.91至0.09]）、青春期前（ES = -0.28，95% PI [-0.54至-0.01]）、青春期中期（ES = -0.32，95% PI [-0.57至-0.07]）和青春期后期（ES = -1.16，95% PI [-3.38至1.05]）。变向能力在总体组（ES = -0.84，95% PI [-1.76至0.08]）、青春期前（ES = -0.80，95% PI [-1.89至0.29]）、青春期中期（ES = -0.59，95% PI [-1.01至-0.17]）和青春期后期（ES = -1.52，95% PI [-3.10至0.05]）有所改善。PT对最大动态力量没有显著影响（P > 0.05）。亚组分析表明，与≤14节训练课相比，≥16节训练课在总体组中对纵跳高度（ES = 1.08 vs. 0.35）和变向能力（ES = -1.05 vs. -0.59）的改善更大，在青春期后期对纵跳高度的改善也更大（ES = 1.64 vs. 0.54）。与≤7周的干预相比，≥8周的干预对纵跳高度的提高也更大（ES = 1.00 vs. 0.43）。
PT能有效提高青年男性团队运动运动员的身体素质，但对最大动态力量除外。青春期后期的改善最为显著，而青春期中期在跳跃和变向能力方面的改善最小，单脚跳和≤10米短跑未观察到显著影响。所有预测区间的范围表明，未来研究中出现积极效果的可能性更高。鉴于一些预测区间相对较宽且跨越零点，需要进一步研究以更好地识别和管理训练适应性的变异性，特别是在青春期后期。此外，至少16节训练课或持续8周的PT计划似乎更有效。
