Freie Universität Berlin, Malteserstr. 74-100, 12249, Berlin, Germany,
Environ Monit Assess. 2014 Mar;186(3):1747-63. doi: 10.1007/s10661-013-3490-y. Epub 2013 Nov 20.
Environmental and biological reef monitoring was conducted in Almirante Bay (Bahía Almirante) in Bocas del Toro, Panama, to assess impacts from anthropogenic developments. An integrated monitoring investigated how seasonal temperature stress, turbidity, eutrophication and physical impacts threatened reef health and biodiversity throughout the region. Environmental parameters such as total suspended solids [TSS], carbon isotopes (δ(13)C), C/N ratios, chlorophyll a, irradiance, secchi depth, size fractions of the sediments and isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon [DIC] of the water were measured throughout the years 2010 and 2011 and were analysed in order to identify different impact sources. Compared to data from Collin et al. (Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences 38:324-334, 2009) chlorophyll a has doubled at sites close to the city and the port Almirante (from 0.46-0.49 to 0.78-0.97 μg l(-1)) and suspension load increased, visible by a decrease in secchi depth values. Visibility decreased from 9-13 m down to 4 m at the bay inlet Boca del Drago, which is strongly exposed to river run off and dredging for the shipping traffic. Eutrophication and turbidity levels seemed to be the determining factor for the loss of hard coral diversity, most significant at chlorophyll a levels higher than 0.5 μg l(-1) and TSS levels higher than 4.7 mg l(-1). Hard coral cover within the bay has also declined, at some sites down to <10 % with extremely low diversities (7 hard coral species). The hard coral species Porites furcata dominated the reefs in highly impacted areas and showed a strong recovery after bleaching and a higher tolerance to turbidity and eutrophication compared to other hard coral species in the bay. Serious overfishing was detected in the region by a lack of adult and carnivorous fish species, such as grunts, snappers and groupers. Study sites less impacted by anthropogenic activities and/or those with local protection showed a higher hard coral cover and fish abundance; however, an overall loss of hard coral diversity was observed.
对巴拿马博卡斯德尔托罗的阿尔米兰特湾（Almirante Bay）进行了环境和生物礁监测，以评估人为发展的影响。综合监测调查了季节性温度压力、浑浊度、富营养化和物理影响如何威胁整个地区的珊瑚礁健康和生物多样性。在 2010 年和 2011 年期间，测量了总悬浮物[TSS]、碳同位素（δ(13)C）、C/N 比、叶绿素 a、辐照度、透明度、沉积物的粒径和水的溶解无机碳[DIC]的同位素组成等环境参数，并进行了分析，以确定不同的影响源。与科林等人的数据相比（史密森尼海洋科学贡献 38:324-334，2009 年），靠近城市和港口阿尔米兰特的站点的叶绿素 a 增加了一倍（从 0.46-0.49 到 0.78-0.97μg l(-1)），悬浮物负荷增加，通过透明度值的降低可见一斑。海湾入口处的博卡德尔德拉戈的能见度从 9-13 米下降到 4 米，这里受到河流径流和航运交通疏浚的强烈影响。富营养化和浑浊度水平似乎是硬珊瑚多样性丧失的决定因素，在叶绿素 a 水平高于 0.5μg l(-1)和 TSS 水平高于 4.7mg l(-1)时，影响最为显著。海湾内的硬珊瑚覆盖率也有所下降，一些地点的覆盖率下降到<10%，多样性极低（7 种硬珊瑚物种）。在受影响严重的地区，硬珊瑚物种多孔鹿角珊瑚占据了珊瑚礁，在白化后表现出强烈的恢复能力，并且对海湾内其他硬珊瑚物种的浑浊度和富营养化具有更高的耐受性。在该地区，由于缺乏成年和肉食性鱼类物种，如石斑鱼、鲷鱼和隆头鱼，发现了严重的过度捕捞。受人为活动影响较小的研究地点和/或受当地保护的研究地点显示出更高的硬珊瑚覆盖率和鱼类丰度；然而，硬珊瑚多样性总体上有所丧失。
